Students that wish to participate in organized intercollegiate sports programs in college face two options, club sports or varsity sports. Although both options allow for students to compete against students from other institutions, the structure and experiences of both programs is drastically different. This study aims to compare club athletes and varsity athletes on their perceptions of their coach's behaviors and the influence those behaviors have on sportsmanship development, and to identify the differences between the two sport types and the social development outcomes that are commonly associated with sports participation. The results of this study show that the assessed coaching behaviors were more predictive within varsity athletes than club athletes, and that club athletes rated wanting to develop a new skill and be physically active as more important in their participation than it was for varsity athletes.
BeldonZ.WalkerJ. (2021). Examining relationships between coaching behaviors and sportsmanship development among college student-athletes. Manuscript under review.
2.
BeldonZ.WalkerJ. (in press). A comparison of parents’ perceptions of coaching behaviors in contact and non-contact sports: A latent means test. Journal of Sport Behavior, 42(2).
BeyerJ. M.HannahD. R. (2000). The cultural significance of athletics in U.S. Higher education. Journal of Sport Management, 14(2), 105–132. https://doi.org/10.1123/jsm.14.2.105
5.
BiddleS. J. H.WangC. K. J.ChatzisarantisN. L. D.SprayC. M. (2003). Motivation for physical activity in young people: entity and incremental beliefs about athletic ability. Journal of Sports Sciences, 21(12), 973–989. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640410310001641377
6.
BolterN. D.KippL. E. (2018). Sportspersonship coaching behaviours, relatedness need satisfaction, and early adolescent athletes’ prosocial and antisocial behaviour. International Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 16(1), 20–35. https://doi.org/10.1080/1612197X.2016.1142461
7.
BolterN. D.WeissM. R. (2013). Coaching behaviors and adolescent athletes’ sportspersonship outcomes: further validation of the sportsmanship coaching behaviors scale (SCBS). Sport, Exercise, and Performance Psychology, 2(1), 32–47. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0029802
8.
BradenburghM.CarrD. (2002). Satisfaction levels of college club and varsity sport participants. Applied Research in Coaching and Athletics Annual, 17, 123–142.
CaronJ.VargasT. M.HawnS. (2018). Comparing coaches’ and athletes’ perceptions of coaching efficacy. Journal of Sport Behavior, 14(3), 351–367. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13398-014-0173-7.2
11.
CassidyT. (2013). Holistic sports coaching: A critical essay. In PotracP.GilbertW.DenisonJ. (Eds.), Routledge handbook of sports coaching (1st ed., pp. 172–183). Routledge Handbooks.
12.
ConnollyG. J. (2017). Applying social cognitive theory in coaching athletes: The power of positive role models. Strategies, 30(3), 23–29. “Student-Athletes” n.d. https://doi.org/10.1080/08924562.2017.1297750
13.
CunninghamG. B.DixonM. A. (2003). New perspectives concerning performance appraisals of intercollegiate coaches. Quest (Grand Rapids, Mich), 55(2), 177–192. https://doi.org/10.1080/00336297.2003.10491798
14.
DohertyA. J.JohnsonS. (2001). Development of scales to measure cognitive and contextual influence on coaching entry. Avante, 7(3), 41–60.
15.
ForemanE. A.RetallickM. S. (2012). Undergraduate involvement in extracurricular activities and leadership development in college of agriculture and life science students. Journal of Agriculture Education, 53(3), 111–123. https://doi.org/10.5032/jae.2012.0311
16.
Horn, T.S. (2002). Coaching effectiveness in the sport domain. In T.S. Horn, (Ed.), Advances in Sport Psychology (pp. 309–354). Human Kinetics. https://doi.org/10.3868/s110-003-014-0039-x
17.
KampfS. (2006). Perceptions of sportsmanship behavior in division I men’s college basketball. ICHPER-SD Journal, 42(1), 20–27.
18.
KlineR. B. (2005). Principles and practice of structural equation modeling (2nd ed.). The Guilford Press.
19.
LarsonR.GillmanS. A.RichardsM. H. (1997). Divergent experiences of family leisure: fathers, mothers, and young adolescents. Journal of Leisure Research, 29(3), 78–97. https://doi.org/10.1080/00222216.1997.11949784
20.
LumpkinA. (2015). Ethical issues in intercollegiate athletes: purpose achieved or challenged? In ComeauxE. (Ed.), Introduction to intercollegiate athletics (pp. 48–58). Johns Hopkins Press.
21.
LyleJ. (2002). Sports coaching concepts: A framework for Coaches’ behavior. Routledge.
22.
MallettC.RynneS. (2010). Holism in sports coaching: Beyond humanistic psychology—a commentary. International Journal of Sports Science and Coaching, 5(4), 453–457.
23.
OttM.BatesE. (2015). Leadership in intercollegiate athletics. In ComeauxE. (Ed.), Introduction to intercollegiate athletics (pp. 34–47). Johns Hopkins Press.
PriestR. F.KrauseJ. V.BeachJ. (1999). Four-year changes in college athletes ethical value choices in sports situations. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, 70(2), 170–178. https://doi.org/10.1080/02701367.1999.10608034
SchwabK.WellsM.Arthur-BanningS. (2010). Experiences in youth sports: A comparison between players’ and parents’ perspectives. Jouranl of Sport Administration & Supervision, 2(1), 41–51.
TerenziniP. T.ReasonR. D. (2005). Parsing the first year of college: rethinking the effects of college on students. In Paper presented at the Annual Conference of the Association for the Study of Higher Education, Philadelphia, PA.
30.
VellaS. A.OadesL. G.CroweT. P. (2013). The relationship between coach leadership, the coach-athlete relationship, team success, and the positive developmental experiences of adolescent soccer players. Physical Education and Sport Pedagogy, 18(5), 549–561. https://doi.org/10.1080/17408989.2012.726976
31.
WiersmaL. D. (2001). Conceptualization and development of the sources of enjoyment in youth sport questionnaire. Measurement in Physical Education and Exercise Sciences, 5(3), 153–177. https://doi.org/10.1207/S15327841MPEE0503_3
32.
YeattsP. E.BartonM.HensonR. K.MartinS. B. (2017). The use of structure coefficients to address multicollinearity in sport and exercise science. Measurement in Physical Education and Exercise Science, 21(2), 83–91. https://doi.org/10.1080/1091367X.2016.1259162
