Male sexual dysfunction includes erectile dysfunction (ED), ejaculation disorders, orgasmic dysfunctions, and disorders of sexual interest/desire. Although current epidemiologic research supports the high prevalence of ED worldwide, incidence data are limited. Furthermore, prevalence data on other male sexual dysfunctions are also limited whereas incidence data are lacking. These epidemiologic data vary widely due to the different definitions used, the method of sampling, and the unknown value of the instruments used to assess sexual dysfunction. Many of the epidemiologic studies are old and associated with poor methodology. Although risk factors for ED are well described, there are almost no data for risk factors in other sexual dysfunctions. The impact of modification of risk factors in sexual dysfunctions is extremely interesting. To provide evidence-based data, there is an urgent need for new, properly designed epidemiological research.
Aizenberg, D., Zemishlany, Z., Dorfman-Etrog, P., & Weizman, A. (1995). Sexual dysfunction in male schizophrenic patients. Journal ofClinical Psychiatry, 56, 137-141.
2.
Araujo, A.B., Durante, R., Feldman, H.A., Goldstein, I., & McKinlay, J.B. (1998). The relationship between depressive symptoms and male erectile dysfunction: Cross-sectional results from the Massachusetts Male Aging Study. Psychosomatic Medicine , 60, 458-465.
3.
Araujo, A.B., Johannes, C.B., Feldman, H.A., Derby, C.A., & McKinlay, J.B. (2000). Relation between psychosocial risk factors and incident erectile dysfunction: Prospective results from the Massachusetts Male Aging Study. American Journal of Epidemiology , 152, 533-541.
4.
Ard, B.N.J. (1977). Sex in lasting marriages: A longitudinal study . Journal of Sex Research, 13, 274-277.
5.
Bacon, C.G., Hu, F.B., Giovannucci, E., Glasser, D.B., Mittleman, M.A., & Rimm, E.B. (2002). Association of type and duration of diabetes with erectile dysfunction in a large cohort of men. Diabetes Care , 25, 1458-1463.
6.
Bacon, C.G., Mittleman, M.A., Kawachi, I., Giovannucci, E., Glasser, D.B., & Rimm, E.B. (2006). A prospective study of risk factors for erectile dysfunction. Journal ofUrology, 176, 217-221.
7.
Bancroft, J., & Wu, F.C. (1983). Changes in erectile responsiveness during androgen replacement therapy. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 12, 59-66.
8.
Bansal, T.C., Guay, A.T., Jacobson, J., Woods, B.O., & Nesto, R.W. (2005). Incidence of metabolic syndrome and insulin resistance in a population with organic erectile dysfunction. Journal of SexMedicine, 2, 96-103.
9.
Barrett-Connor, E. (2005). Heart disease risk factors predict erectile dysfunction 25 years later (the Rancho Bernardo Study). American Journal of Cardiology, 96, 3M-7M.
10.
Barrett-Connor, E., Khaw, K.T., & Yen, S.S. (1986). A prospective study of dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate, mortality, and cardiovascular disease. New England Journal of Medicine, 315, 1519-1524.
11.
Beck, R.O., Betts, C.D., & Fowler, C.J. (1994). Genitourinary dysfunction in multiple system atrophy: Clinical features and treatment in 62 cases. Journal ofUrology , 151, 1336-1341.
12.
Becker, A.J., Uckert, S., Stief, C.G., Truss, M.C., Machtens, S., Scheller, F., et al. (2000). Cavernous and systemic testosterone levels in different phases of human penile erection. Urology, 56, 125-129.
13.
Billups, K.L. (2005). Sexual dysfunction and cardiovascular disease: Integrative concepts and strategies. American Journal of Cardiology , 96, 57M-61M.
14.
Blanker, M.H., Bosch, J.L., Groeneveld, F.P., Bohnen, A.M., Prins, A., Thomas, S., et al. (2001). Erectile and ejaculatory dysfunction in a community-based sample of men 50 to 78 years old: Prevalence, concern, and relation to sexual activity. Urology, 57, 763-768.
15.
Bocchio, M., Scarpelli, P., Necozione, S., Pelliccione, F., Mhialca, R., Spartera, C., et al. (2005). Intima-media thickening of common carotid arteries is a risk factor for severe erectile dysfunction in men with vascular risk factors but no clinical evidence of atherosclerosis. Journal ofUrology, 173, 526-529.
16.
Bortolotti, A., Fedele, D., Chatenoud, L., Colli, E., Coscelli, C., Landoni, M., et al. (2001). Cigarette smoking: A risk factor for erectile dysfunction in diabetics. EuropeanUrology, 40, 392-396.
17.
Boyle, P. (1999). Epidemiology of erectile dysfunction. In C. Carson, R. Kirby, & I. Goldstein (Eds.), Textbook of erectile dysfunction (pp. 15-24). Oxford , UK: Isis Medical Media.
18.
Braun, M., Wassmer, G., Klotz, T., Reifenrath, B., Mathers, M., & Engelmann, U. (2000). Epidemiology of erectile dysfunction: Results of the `Cologne Male Survey'. International Journal of Impotence Research,12, 305-311.
19.
Brown, R.G., Jahanshahi, M., Quinn, N., & Marsden, C.D. (1990). Sexual function in patients with Parkinson's disease and their partners. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry, 53, 480-486.
20.
Buena, F., Swerdloff, R.S., Steiner, B.S., Lutchmansingh, P., Peterson, M.A., Pandian, M.R., et al. (1993). Sexual function does not change when serum testosterone levels are pharmacologically varied within the normal male range . Fertility and Sterility,59, 1118-1123.
21.
Burchardt, M., Burchardt, T., Baer, L., Kiss, A.J., Pawar, R.V., Shabsigh, A., et al. (2000). Hypertension is associated with severe erectile dysfunction. Journal ofUrology, 164, 1188-1191.
22.
Carani, C., Granata, A.R., Bancroft, J., & Marrama, P. (1995). The effects of testosterone replacement on nocturnal penile tumescence and rigidity and erectile response to visual erotic stimuli in hypogonadal men. Psychoneuroendocrinology,20, 743-753.
23.
Carani, C., Scuteri, A., Marrama, P., & Bancroft, J. (1990). The effects of testosterone administration and visual erotic stimuli on nocturnal penile tumescence in normal men. Hormones and Behavior,24, 435-441.
24.
Carroll, J.L., Ellis, D., & Bagley, D.H. (1992). Impotence in the elderly. Evaluation of erectile failure in men older than seventy years of age. Jefferson Sexual Function Center. Urology, 39, 226-230.
25.
Cho, N.H., Ahn, C.W., Park, J.Y., Ahn, T.Y., Lee, H.W., Park, T.S., et al. (2006). Prevalence of erectile dysfunction in Korean men with Type 2 diabetes mellitus. Diabetic Medicine, 23, 198-203.
26.
Condra, M., Morales, A., Owen, J.A., Surridge, D.H., & Fenemore, J. (1986). Prevalence and significance of tobacco smoking in impotence. Urology, 27, 495-498.
27.
De Berardis, G., Pellegrini, F., Franciosi, M., Belfiglio, M., Di Nardo, B., Greenfield, S., et al. (2005). Longitudinal assessment of quality of life in patients with type 2 diabetes and self-reported erectile dysfunction. Diabetes Care, 28, 2637-2643.
28.
DePalma, R.G. (1997). Vascular surgery for impotence: a review. International Journal of Impotence Research, 9, 61-67.
29.
Derby, C.A., Araujo, A.B., Johannes, C.B., Feldman, H.A., & McKinlay, J.B. (2000). Measurement of erectile dysfunction in population-based studies: The use of a single question self-assessment in the Massachusetts Male Aging Study. International Journal of Impotence Research, 12, 197-204.
30.
Derby, C.A., Barbour, M.M., Hume, A.L., & McKinlay, J.B. (2001). Drug therapy and prevalence of erectile dysfunction in the Massachusetts Male Aging Study cohort. Pharmacotherapy, 21, 676-683.
31.
Derby, C.A., Mohr, B.A., Goldstein, I., Feldman, H.A., Johannes, C.B., & McKinlay, J.B. (2000). Modifiable risk factors and erectile dysfunction: Can lifestyle changes modify risk?Urology, 56, 302-306.
32.
Diokno, A.C., Brown, M.B., & Herzog, A.R. (1990). Sexual function in the elderly. Archives ofInternal Medicine, 150, 197-200.
33.
Doumas, M., Tsakiris, A., Douma, S., Grigorakis, A., Papadopoulos, A., Hounta, A., et al. (2006). Factors affecting the increased prevalence of erectile dysfunction in Greek hypertensive compared with normotensive subjects . Journal of Andrology,27, 469-477.
34.
Dunn, K.M., Croft, P.R., & Hackett, G.I. (1998). Sexual problems: A study of the prevalence and need for health care in the general population. Family Practice,15, 519-524.
35.
Dunn, K.M., Croft, P.R., & Hackett, G.I. (1999). Association of sexual problems with social, psychological, and physical problems in men and women: A cross sectional population survey . Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health, 53, 144-148.
36.
El-Sakka, A.I. (2006). Lower urinary tract symptoms in patients with erectile dysfunction: Analysis of risk factors. Journal of SexualMedicine, 3, 144-149.
37.
Enzlin, P., Mathieu, C., Van Den Bruel, A., Vanderschueren, D., & Demyttenaere, K. (2003). Prevalence and predictors of sexual dysfunction in patients with type 1 diabetes. Diabetes Care, 26, 409-414.
38.
Esposito, K., Giugliano, F., Di Palo, C., Giugliano, G., Marfella, R., D'Andrea, F., et al. (2004). Effect of lifestyle changes on erectile dysfunction in obese men: A randomized controlled trial. Journal of the American Medical Association, 291, 2978-2984.
39.
Esposito, K., Giugliano, F., Martedi, E., Feola, G., Marfella, R., D'Armiento, M., et al. (2005). High proportions of erectile dysfunction in men with the metabolic syndrome. Diabetes Care, 28, 1201-1203.
40.
Fedele, D., Coscelli, C., Cucinotta, D., Forti, G., Santeusanio, F., Viaggi, S., et al. (2001). Incidence of erectile dysfunction in Italian men with diabetes. Journal ofUrology, 166, 1368-1371.
41.
Fedele, D., Coscelli, C., Santeusanio, F., Bortolotti, A., Chatenoud, L., Colli, E., et al. (1998). Erectile dysfunction in diabetic subjects in Italy. Gruppo Italiano Studio Deficit Erettile nei Diabetici. Diabetes Care, 21, 1973- 1977.
42.
Feldman, H.A., Goldstein, I., Hatzichristou, D.G., Krane, R.J., & McKinlay, J.B. (1994). Impotence and its medical and psychosocial correlates: Results of the Massachusetts Male Aging Study. Journal ofUrology, 151, 54-61.
43.
Feldman, H.A., Johannes, C.B., Derby, C.A., Kleinman, K.P., Mohr, B.A., Araujo, A.B., et al. (2000). Erectile dysfunction and coronary risk factors: Prospective results from the Massachusetts male aging study. Preventive Medicine, 30, 328-338.
44.
Fletcher, E.C., & Martin, R.J. (1982). Sexual dysfunction and erectile impotence in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Chest, 81, 413-421.
45.
Foster, R.S., Mulcahy, J.J., Callaghan, J.T., Crabtree, R., & Brashear, D. (1990). Role of serum prolactin determination in evaluation of impotent patient. Urology, 36, 499-501.
46.
Frank, E., Anderson, C., & Rubinstein, D. (1978). Frequency of sexual dysfunction in “normal” couples. New England Journal of Medicine,299, 111-115.
47.
Fugl-Meyer, A.R., & Sjogren Fugl-Meyer, K. (1999). Sexual disabilities, problems and satisfaction in 18-74 year old Swedes. Scandinavian Journal of Sexology, 2, 79-105.
48.
Gades, N.M., Nehra, A., Jacobson, D.J., McGree, M.E., Girman, C.J., Rhodes, T., et al. (2005). Association between smoking and erectile dysfunction: A population-based study. American Journal of Epidemiology, 161, 346-351.
49.
Glina, S., Santana, A.W., Azank, F., Mello, L.F., & Moreira, E. D. Jr. (2006). Lower urinary tract symptoms and erectile dysfunction are highly prevalent in ageing men. BJU International, 97, 763-765.
50.
Granata, A.R., Rochira, V., Lerchl, A., Marrama, P., & Carani, C. (1997). Relationship between sleep-related erections and testosterone levels in men. Journal of Andrology,18, 522-527.
51.
Gray, A., Feldman, H.A., McKinlay, J.B., & Longcope, C. (1991). Age, disease, and changing sex hormone levels in middle-aged men: Results of the Massachusetts Male Aging Study. Journal ofClinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, 73, 1016-1025.
52.
Greenstein, A., Plymate, S.R., & Katz, P.G. (1995). Visually stimulated erection in castrated men. Journal ofUrology, 153, 650-652.
53.
Grover, S.A., Lowensteyn, I., Kaouache, M., Marchand, S., Coupal, L., DeCarolis, E., et al. (2006). The prevalence of erectile dysfunction in the primary care setting: Importance of risk factors for diabetes and vascular disease. Archives ofInternal Medicine, 166, 213-219.
54.
Gundle, M.J., Reeves, B.R. Jr., Tate, S., Raft, D., & McLaurin, L.P. (1980). Psychosocial outcome after coronary artery surgery. American Journal of Psychiatry, 137, 1591-1594.
55.
Haavio-Mannila, E., & Kontula, O. (1997). Correlates of increased sexual satisfaction. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 26, 399-419.
56.
Heaton, J.P., Evans, H., Adams, M.A., Smith, K., & Morales, A. (1996). Coronary artery bypass graft surgery and its impact on erectile function: A preliminary retrospective study. International Journal of Impotence Research, 8, 35-39.
57.
Herrmann, H.C., Levine, L.A., Macaluso, J. Jr., Walsh, M., Bradbury, D., Schwartz, S., et al. (2006). Can atorvastatin improve the response to sildenafil in men with erectile dysfunction not initially responsive to sildenafil? Hypothesis and pilot trial results. Journal of Sexual Medicine , 3, 303-308.
58.
Hoesl, C.E., Woll, E.M., Burkart, M., & Altwein, J.E. (2005). Erectile dysfunction (ED) is prevalent, bothersome and underdiagnosed in patients consulting urologists for benign prostatic syndrome (BPS). EuropeanUrology, 47, 511-517.
59.
Jackson, G. (1997). Statins and coronary artery disease—It's the clinical endpoints that count. British Journal of Clinical Practice, 51, 2-3.
60.
Jevtich, M.J., Edson, M., Jarman, W.D., & Herrera, H.H. (1982). Vascular factor in erectile failure among diabetics . Urology, 19, 163-168.
61.
Johannes, C.B., Araujo, A.B., Feldman, H.A., Derby, C.A., Kleinman, K.P., & McKinlay, J.B. (2000). Incidence of erectile dysfunction in men 40 to 69 years old: Longitudinal results from the Massachusetts male aging study. Journal ofUrology, 163, 460-463.
62.
Kaufman, J.M., Hatzichristou, D.G., Mulhall, J.P., Fitch, W.P., & Goldstein, I. (1994). Impotence and chronic renal failure: A study of the hemodynamic pathophysiology. Journal ofUrology, 151, 612-618.
63.
Kinsey, A.C., Pomeroy, W.R., & Martin, C.E. (2003). Sexual behavior in the human male. 1948. American Journal of Public Health, 93, 894-898.
64.
Korenman, S.G., Morley, J.E., Mooradian, A.D., Davis, S.S., Kaiser, F.E., Silver, A.J., et al. (1990). Secondary hypogonadism in older men: Its relation to impotence. Journal ofClinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, 71, 963-969.
65.
Kostis, J.B., Jackson, G., Rosen, R., Barrett-Connor, E., Billups, K., Burnett, A.L., et al. (2005). Sexual dysfunction and cardiac risk (the Second Princeton Consensus Conference). American Journal of Cardiology, 96, 85M-93M.
66.
Kostis, J.B., Rosen, R.C., & Wilson, A.C. (1994). Central nervous system effects of HMG CoA reductase inhibitors: Lovastatin and pravastatin on sleep and cognitive performance in patients with hypercholesterolemia. Journal ofClinical Pharmacology, 34, 989-996.
67.
Kubin, M., Wagner, G., & Fugl-Meyer, A.R. (2003). Epidemiology of erectile dysfunction. International Journal of Impotence Research, 15, 63-71.
68.
Laumann, E.O., Paik, A., & Rosen, R.C. (1999). Sexual dysfunction in the United States: Prevalence and predictors. Journal of theAmerican Medical Association , 281, 537-544.
69.
Lehman, T.P., & Jacobs, J.A. (1983). Etiology of diabetic impotence. Journal ofUrology, 129, 291-294.
70.
Lewis, R.W. (2001). Epidemiology of erectile dysfunction. Urologic Clinics of NorthAmerica, 28, 209-216, vii.
71.
Lewis, R.W., Fugl-Meyer, K.S., Bosch, R., Fugl-Meyer, A.R., Laumann, E.O., Lizza, E., et al. (2004). Definitions, classification and epidemiology of sexual dysfunction. In T. F. Lue, R. Basson, R. Rosen, et al. Sexual medicine: Sexual dysfunctions in men and women (pp. 37-72). Plymouth, UK: Health Publications.
72.
Lindal, E., & Stefansson, J.G. (1993). The lifetime prevalence of psychosexual dysfunction among 55 to 57-year-olds in Iceland. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 28, 91-95.
73.
Linsenmeyer, T.A. (2000). Sexual function and infertility following spinal cord injury. Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Clinics of NorthAmerica, 11, 141-156, ix.
74.
Litwiller, S.E., Frohman, E.M., & Zimmern, P.E. (1999). Multiple sclerosis and the urologist. Journal ofUrology, 161, 743-757.
75.
Mak, R., De Backer, G., Kornitzer, M., & De Meyer, J.M. (2002). Prevalence and correlates of erectile dysfunction in a population-based study in Belgium. EuropeanUrology, 41, 132-138.
76.
Marceau, L., Kleinman, K., Goldstein, I., & McKinlay, J. (2001). Does bicycling contribute to the risk of erectile dysfunction? Results from the Massachusetts Male Aging Study (MMAS). International Journal of Impotence Research, 13, 298-302.
77.
Martin-Morales, A., Sanchez-Cruz, J.J., Saenz de Tejada, I., Rodriguez-Vela, L., Jimenez-Cruz, J.F., & Burgos-Rodriguez, R. (2001). Prevalence and independent risk factors for erectile dysfunction in Spain: Results of the Epidemiologia de la Disfuncion Erectil Masculina Study. Journal of Urology , 166, 569-574.
78.
Master, V.A., & Turek, P.J. (2001). Ejaculatory physiology and dysfunction. Urologic Clinics of NorthAmerica, 28, 363-375, x.
79.
Masumori, N., Tsukamoto, T., Kumamoto, Y., Panser, L.A., Rhodes, T., Girman, C.J., et al. (1999). Decline of sexual function with age in Japanese men compared with American men—Results of two community-based studies. Urology, 54, 335-344.
80.
McVary, K.T. (2005). Erectile dysfunction and lower urinary tract symptoms secondary to BPH. EuropeanUrology, 47, 838-845.
81.
McVary, K.T., Carrier, S., & Wessells, H. (2001). Smoking and erectile dysfunction: Evidence based analysis. Journal of Urology, 166, 1624-1632.
82.
Meinhardt, W., Kropman, R.F., Vermeij, P., Nijeholt, A.A., & Zwartendijk, J. (1997). The influence of medication on erectile function. International Journal of Impotence Research , 9, 17-26.
83.
Meuleman, E.J., Donkers, L.H., Robertson, C., Keech, M., Boyle, P., & Kiemeney, L.A. (2001). [Erectile dysfunction: Prevalence and effect on the quality of life; Boxmeer study]. Ned Tijdschr Geneeskd,145, 576-581.
84.
Mills, T.M., & Lewis, R.W. (1999). The role of andorgens in the erectile response: A 1999 perspective. Molecular Urology, 3, 75-86.
85.
Mirone, V., Imbimbo, C., Bortolotti, A., Di Cintio, E., Colli, E., Landoni, M., et al. (2002). Cigarette smoking as risk factor for erectile dysfunction: Results from an Italian epidemiological study. EuropeanUrology, 41, 294-297.
86.
Mittawae, B., El-Nashaar, A.R., Fouda, A., Magdy, M., & Shamloul, R. (2006). Incidence of erectile dysfunction in 800 hypertensive patients: A multicenter Egyptian national study. Urology, 67, 575-578.
87.
Monga, T.N., Lawson, J.S., & Inglis, J. (1986). Sexual dysfunction in stroke patients. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation,67, 19-22.
88.
Montorsi, P., Ravagnani, P.M., Galli, S., Rotatori, F., Briganti, A., Salonia, A., et al. (2005). The artery size hypothesis: A macrovascular link between erectile dysfunction and coronary artery disease. American Journal of Cardiology, 96, 19M-23M.
89.
Moreira, E.D. Jr., Lbo, C.F., Diament, A., Nicolosi, A., & Glasser, D.B. (2003). Incidence of erectile dysfunction in men 40 to 69 years old: Results from a population-based cohort study in Brazil. Urology, 61, 431-436.
90.
Morillo, L.E., Diaz, J., Estevez, E., Costa, A., Mendez, H., Davila, H., et al. (2002). Prevalence of erectile dysfunction in Colombia, Ecuador, and Venezuela: A population-based study (DENSA). International Journal of Impotence Research, 14(Suppl. 2), S10-S18.
91.
Morley, J.E. (1986). Impotence. American Journal of Medicine, 80, 897-905.
92.
Morley, J.E. (1988). Impotence in older men. Hospital Practice (Off Ed), 23, 139-142, 145-136, 152-133 passim.
93.
Morley, J.E., Korenman, S.G., Mooradian, A.D., & Kaiser, F.E. (1987). Sexual dysfunction in the elderly male [clinical conference]. Journal of the American Geriatric Society, 35, 1014-1022.
94.
Moyad, M.A., Barada, J.H., Lue, T.F., Mulhall, J.P., Goldstein, I., & Fawzy, A. (2004). Prevention and treatment of erectile dysfunction using lifestyle changes and dietary supplements: What works and what is worthless, part I. Urologic Clinics of NorthAmerica, 31, 249-257.
95.
Moyad, M.A., Barada, J.H., Lue, T.F., Mulhall, J.P., Goldstein, I., & Fawzy, A. (2004). Prevention and treatment of erectile dysfunction using lifestyle changes and dietary supplements: What works and what is worthless, part II. Urologic Clinics of NorthAmerica, 31, 259-273.
96.
Muller, S.C., el-Damanhoury, H., Ruth, J., & Lue, T.F. (1991). Hypertension and impotence. European Urology, 19, 29-34.
97.
Mulligan, T., Retchin, S.M., Chinchilli, V.M., & Bettinger, C.B. (1988). The role of aging and chronic disease in sexual dysfunction. Journal of the American Geriatric Society, 36, 520-524.
98.
Natali, A., Mondaini, N., Lombardi, G., Del Popolo, G., & Rizzo, M. (2005). Heavy smoking is an important risk factor for erectile dysfunction in young men. International Journal of Impotence Research, 17, 227-230.
99.
Nehra, A., Hall, S.J., Basile, G., Bertero, E.B., Moreland, R., Toselli, P., et al. (1995). Systemic sclerosis and impotence: A clinicopathological correlation. Journal ofUrology, 153, 1140-1146.
100.
Nehra, A., & Kulaksizoglu, H. (2002). Global perspectives and controversies in the epidemiology of male erectile dysfunction. Current Opinions in Urology, 12, 493-496.
101.
Nettelbladt, P., & Uddenberg, N. (1979). Sexual dysfunction and sexual satisfaction in 58 married Swedish men. Journal of Psychosomatic Research , 23, 141-147.
102.
Nickel, J.C., Morales, A., Condra, M., Fenemore, J., & Surridge, D.H. (1984). Endocrine dysfunction in impotence: Incidence, significance and cost-effective screening. Journal ofUrology, 132, 40-43.
103.
Nicolosi, A., Moreira, E.D. Jr., Shirai, M., Bin Mohd Tambi, M.I., & Glasser, D.B. (2003). Epidemiology of erectile dysfunction in four countries: Cross-national study of the prevalence and correlates of erectile dysfunction . Urology, 61, 201-206.
104.
O'Leary, M.P., Fowler, F.J., Lenderking, W.R., Barber, B., Sagnier, P.P., Guess, H.A., et al. (1995). A brief male sexual function inventory for urology. Urology, 46, 697-706.
105.
Panser, L.A., Rhodes, T., Girman, C.J., Guess, H.A., Chute, C.G., Oesterling, J.E., et al. (1995). Sexual function of men ages 40 to 79 years: The Olmsted County Study of Urinary Symptoms and Health Status Among Men. Journal of the American Geriatric Society, 43, 1107-1111.
106.
Pedersen, T.R., & Faergeman, O. (1999). Simvastatin seems unlikely to cause impotence . BMJ, 318, 192.
107.
Ponholzer, A., Temml, C., Mock, K., Marszalek, M., Obermayr, R., & Madersbacher, S. (2005). Prevalence and risk factors for erectile dysfunction in 2869 men using a validated questionnaire. EuropeanUrology, 47, 80-85.
108.
Ponholzer, A., Temml, C., Obermayr, R., Wehrberger, C., & Madersbacher, S. (2005). Is erectile dysfunction an indicator for increased risk of coronary heart disease and stroke? EuropeanUrology, 48, 512-518.
109.
Prescott, R.W., Johnston, D.G., Kendall-Taylor, P., Crombie, A., Hall, K., McGregor, A., et al. (1982). Hyperprolactinaemia in men—Response to bromocriptine therapy. Lancet, 1, 245-248.
110.
Prins, J., Blanker, M.H., Bohnen, A.M., Thomas, S., & Bosch, J.L. (2002). Prevalence of erectile dysfunction: A systematic review of population-based studies. International Journal of Impotence Research, 14, 422-432.
Puranik, R., & Celermajer, D.S. (2003). Smoking and endothelial function. Progress in Cardiovascular Diseases, 45, 443-458.
113.
Richters, J., Grulich, A.E., de Visser, R.O., Smith, A.M., & Rissel, C.E. (2003). Sex in Australia: Sexual difficulties in a representative sample of adults. Australian and New Zealand Journal ofPublic Health, 27, 164-170.
114.
Rosen, M.P., Greenfield, A.J., Walker, T.G., Grant, P., Dubrow, J., Bettmann, M.A., et al. (1991). Cigarette smoking: An independent risk factor for atherosclerosis in the hypogastric-cavernous arterial bed of men with arteriogenic impotence. Journal ofUrology, 145, 759-763.
115.
Rosen, R., Altwein, J., Boyle, P., Kirby, R.S., Lukacs, B., Meuleman, E., et al. (2003). Lower urinary tract symptoms and male sexual dysfunction: The multinational survey of the aging male (MSAM-7). EuropeanUrology, 44, 637-649.
116.
Rosen, R.C., Friedman, M., & Kostis, J.B. (2005). Lifestyle management of erectile dysfunction: The role of cardiovascular and concomitant risk factors. American Journal of Cardiology, 96, 76M-79M.
117.
Rosen, R.C., Lane, R.M., & Menza, M. (1999). Effects of SSRIs on sexual function: A critical review. Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology, 19, 67-85.
118.
Rosen, R.C., Riley, A., Wagner, G., Osterloh, I.H., Kirkpatrick, J., & Mishra, A. (1997). The International Index of Erectile Function (IIEF): A multidimensional scale for assessment of erectile dysfunction. Urology, 49, 822-830.
119.
Rust, J., Golombok, S., & Collier, J. (1988). Marital problems and sexual dysfunction: How are they related?British Journal of Psychiatry, 152, 629-631.
120.
Saenz de Tejada, I., Goldstein, I., Azadzoi, K., Krane, R.J., & Cohen, R.A. (1989). Impaired neurogenic and endothelium-mediated relaxation of penile smooth muscle from diabetic men with impotence. New England Journal of Medicine, 320, 1025-1030.
121.
Saltzman, E.A., Guay, A.T., & Jacobson, J. (2004). Improvement in erectile function in men with organic erectile dysfunction by correction of elevated cholesterol levels: A clinical observation. Journal ofUrology, 172, 255-258.
122.
Schouten, B.W., Bosch, J.L., Bernsen, R.M., Blanker, M.H., Thomas, S., & Bohnen, A.M. (2005). Incidence rates of erectile dysfunction in the Dutch general population. Effects of definition, clinical relevance and duration of follow-up in the Krimpen Study. International Journal of Impotence Research, 17, 58-62.
123.
Seftel, A. (2005). Correlation between LUTS (AUA-SS) and erectile dysfunction (SHIM) in an age-matched racially diverse male population: Data from the prostate cancer awareness week (PCAW). Journal of Urology, 174, 1940.
124.
Segraves, K.B., & Segraves, R.T. (1991). Hypoactive sexual desire disorder: Prevalence and comorbidity in 906 subjects. Journal of Sex and Marital Therapy, 17, 55-58.
125.
Shabsigh, R., Fishman, I.J., Schum, C., & Dunn, J.K. (1991). Cigarette smoking and other vascular risk factors in vasculogenic impotence. Urology, 38, 227-231.
126.
Sjogren, K., & Fugl-Meyer, A.R. (1983). Some factors influencing quality of sexual life after myocardial infarction. International Rehabilitation Medicine, 5, 197-201.
127.
Slag, M.F., Morley, J.E., Elson, M.K., Trence, D.L., Nelson, C.J., Nelson, A.E., et al. (1983). Impotence in medical clinic outpatients. Journal of theAmerican Medical Association, 249, 1736-1740.
128.
Solomon, H., Samarasinghe, Y.P., Feher, M.D., Man, J., Rivas-Toro, H., Lumb, P.J., et al. (2006). Erectile dysfunction and statin treatment in high cardiovascular risk patients. International Journal of Clinical Practice, 60, 141-145.
129.
Spark, R.F., White, R.A., & Connolly, P.B. (1980). Impotence is not always psychogenic. Newer insights into hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal dysfunction. Journal of theAmerican Medical Association, 243, 750-755.
130.
Spector, I.P., & Carey, M.P. (1990). Incidence and prevalence of the sexual dysfunctions: A critical review of the empirical literature. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 19, 389-408.
131.
Spira, A., Bajos, N., Giami, A., & Michaels, S. (1998). Cross-national comparisons of sexual behavior surveys— Methodological difficulties and lessons for prevention. American Journal of Public Health, 88, 730-731.
132.
Taylor, J.A. 3rd, Kao, T.C., Albertsen, P.C., & Shabsigh, R. (2004). Bicycle riding and its relationship to the development of erectile dysfunction. Journal of Urology, 172, 1028-1031.
133.
Tengs, T.O., & Osgood, N.D. (2001). The link between smoking and impotence: Two decades of evidence. Preventive Medicine, 32, 447-452.
134.
Tesfamariam, B. (2006). The effects of HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors on endothelial function. American Journal of CardiovascularDrugs, 6, 115-120.
135.
Thase, M.E., Reynolds, C. F. d., Jennings, J.R., Frank, E., Howell, J.R., Houck, P.R., et al. (1988). Nocturnal penile tumescence is diminished in depressed men. Biological Psychiatry, 24, 33-46.
136.
Thompson, I.M., Tangen, C.M., Goodman, P.J., Probstfield, J.L., Moinpour, C.M., & Coltman, C.A. (2005). Erectile dysfunction and subsequent cardiovascular disease. Journal of theAmerican Medical Association, 294, 2996-3002.
137.
Vardi, Y., Sprecher, E., Kanter, Y., Livne, P.M., Hemli, J.A., & Yarnitsky, D. (1996). Polyneuropathy in impotence. International Journal of Impotence Research, 8, 65-68.
138.
Virag, R., Bouilly, P., & Frydman, D. (1985). Is impotence an arterial disorder? A study of arterial risk factors in 440 impotent men. Lancet, 1, 181-184.
139.
Vlachopoulos, C., Rokkas, K., Ioakeimidis, N., Aggeli, C., Michaelides, A., Roussakis, G., et al. (2005). Prevalence of asymptomatic coronary artery disease in men with vasculogenic erectile dysfunction: A prospective angiographic study. EuropeanUrology, 48, 996-1002.
140.
Vogel, R.A. (2006). Optimal vascular protection: A case for combination antihypertensive therapy. Preventive Cardiology, 9, 35-41.
141.
Wabrek, A.J., & Burchell, R.C. (1980). Male sexual dysfunction associated with coronary heart disease. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 9, 69-75.
142.
Waldinger, M.D. (2002). The neurobiological approach to premature ejaculation. Journal ofUrology, 168, 2359-2367.
143.
Walsh, P.C. (1998). Anatomic radical prostatectomy: Evolution of the surgical technique. Journal ofUrology, 160, 2418-2424.
144.
Wei, M., Macera, C.A., Davis, D.R., Hornung, C.A., Nankin, H.R., & Blair, S.N. (1994). Total cholesterol and high density lipoprotein cholesterol as important predictors of erectile dysfunction. American Journal of Epidemiology, 140, 930-937.
145.
Weinhardt, L.S., & Carey, M.P. (1996). Prevalence of erectile disorder among men with diabetes mellitus: Comprehensive review, methodological critique, and suggestions for future research. Journal of Sex Research, 33, 205-214.
146.
Whitehead, E.D., & Klyde, B.J. (1990). Diabetes-related impotence in the elderly. Clinics ofGeriatric Medicine, 6, 771-795.
147.
Wilder, R.B., Chou, R.H., Ryu, J.K., Stern, R.L., Wong, M.S., Ji, M., et al. (2000). Potency preservation after three-dimensional conformal radiotherapy for prostate cancer: Preliminary results. American Journal ofClinical Oncology, 23, 330-333.
148.
Zelefsky, M.J., Hollister, T., Raben, A., Matthews, S., & Wallner, K.E. (2000). Five-year biochemical outcome and toxicity with transperineal CT-planned permanent I-125 prostate implantation for patients with localized prostate cancer. International Journal of Radiation Oncology, Biology, andPhysics, 47, 1261-1266.
149.
Zemel, P. (1988). Sexual dysfunction in the diabetic patient with hypertension. American Journal of Cardiology, 61, 27H-33H.
150.
Zheng, H., Fan, W., Li, G., & Tam, T. (2006). Predictors for erectile dysfunction among diabetics. Diabetes Research andClinical Practice, 71, 313-319.
