Impressive advances in laparoscopic surgical technique have taken place, especially since the late 1980s. These developments have motivated patients as well as surgeons, institutions, and payers; accordingly, the variety and frequency of these procedures have vastly increased. In the rush to expand the frontiers of laparoscopic surgery, we must not lose sight of the potential pitfalls resulting either from the physiological effects of the procedure itself or from the influence of underlying disease processes.
JorisJL, Noirot DP, Legrand MJ, et al: Hemodynamic changes during laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Anesth Analg76:1067-1071, 1993
5.
Fitzgerald SD , Andrus CW, Baudendistel LJ, et al: Hypercarbia during carbon dioxide pneumoperitoneum. Am J Surg163:186-190, 1992
6.
Leighton T., Pianim N., Liu SY, et al: Effectors of hypercarbia during experimental pneumoperitoneum . Am J Surg58:717-721, 1992
7.
Wittgen CM, Andrus CH, Fitzgerald SD, et al: Analysis of the hemodynamic and ventilatory effects of laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Arch Surg126:997-1001, 1991
8.
Ciofolo JD, Clergue F., SeebacherJ., et al: Ventilatory effects of laparoscopy under epidural anesthesia . Anesth Analg70:357-361, 1990
9.
Subba B., Gupta I., Singh H.: Studies of cardiovascular and arterial blood gas changes during carbon dioxide pneumoperitoneum for laparoscopic sterilization under general anesthesia vs local anesthesia. Asia-OceaniaJ Obstet Gynaecol17:31-35,1991
10.
Voltz J., Voltz E., Koster S., et al: Pelviscopic surgery without pneumoperitoneum?Geburtshilfe Frauenheilkde53:258-260, 1993
11.
Chin AK, Moll FH, MeColl MB, et al: Mechanical peritoneal retraction as a replacement for carbon dioxide pneumoperitoneum. Journal of the Association of Gynecologic Laparoscopists1:62-66, 1993
12.
Bishop MJ: The patient with respiratory disease: Evaluation, preparation, and timing of surgery. American Society of Anesthesiologists, Annual Refresher Course Lectures, Washington, DC, American Society of Anesthesiologists, Inc, 1993
13.
Empey DW, Lartman LA, et al: Mechanisms of bronchial hyperreactivity in normal subjects after upper respiratory tract infections. Am Rev Respir Dis113:131-139, 1976
14.
Goldman L., Caldera DL, Nussbaum SR, et al: Multifactorial index of cardiac risk in cardiac surgical procedures . N Engl J Med247:845-860, 1970
15.
Steen PA, Tinker JH, Tarhan S.: Myocardial reinfarction after anesthesia and surgery. JAMA239:2556, 1978
16.
Rao TL, Jacobs KH, El-Etr AA: Reinfarction following anesthesia in patients with myocardial infarction . Anesthesiology59:499-505, 1983
17.
Carroll B., Phillips EH, Fallas M., et al: Laparoscopic choleystectomy in critically ill patients. Presented at annual meeting of the Southern California Chapter of American College of Surgeons, Santa Barbara, CA, January 22-24, 1993
18.
Zahl K., Apfelbaum JL: Muscle pain occurs after outpatient laparoscopy despite the substitution of vecuronium for succinyl choline. Anesthesiology70:408-411, 1989
19.
HorvorkaJ,Kortilla K.: Nitrous oxide does not increase nausea and vomiting following gynecological laparoscopy. Can J Anaesth36:145-148, 1989
20.
Honkavaara P., Lehtinen AM, Hovorka J., et al: Nausea and vomiting after gynecological laparoscopy depends on the phase of the menstrual cycle . Can J Anaesth38:876-879, 1991
21.
Taylor E., Feinstein R., White PF, et al: Anesthesia for laparoscopic cholecystectomy: Is nitrous oxide contraindicated?Anesthesiology76:541-543, 1992
