Conventional EEG and quantitative EEG visual stimuli (close-open eyes) reactivity analysis have shown their usefulness in clinical practice; however studies at the level of EEG generators are limited. The focus of the study was visual reactivity of cortical resources in healthy subjects and in a stroke patient.
The 64 channel EEG and T1 magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) studies were obtained from 32 healthy subjects and a middle cerebral artery stroke patient. Low Resolution Electromagnetic Tomography (LORETA) was used to estimate EEG sources for both close eyes (CE) vs. open eyes (OE) conditions using individual MRI. The t-test was performed between source spectra of the two conditions. Thresholds for statistically significant t values were estimated by the local false discovery rate (lfdr) method. The Z transform was used to quantify the differences in cortical reactivity between the patient and healthy subjects.
Closed-open eyes alpha reactivity sources were found mainly in posterior regions (occipito-parietal zones), extended in some cases to anterior and thalamic regions. Significant cortical reactivity sources were found in frequencies different from alpha (lower t-values). Significant changes at EEG reactivity sources were evident in the damaged brain hemisphere. Reactivity changes were also found in the “healthy” hemisphere when compared with the normal population.
In conclusion, our study of brain sources of EEG alpha reactivity provides information that is not evident in the usual topographic analysis.
TakahashiTActivation methods. In: NiedermeyerELopes daSilva FH, (eds). Electroencephalography: Basic Principles, Clinical Applications, and Related Fields. 4th ed.Baltimore: Williams and Wilkins; 1998: 261–279.
2.
KarhuJKönönenMHerrgårdEPartanenJ. Spectra and reactivity of EEG in visual sensory-motor and auditory areas on children. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol1996; 99: 300–301.
3.
Samson-DollfusDGoldbergP. Electroencephalographic quantification by time domain analysis in normal 7–15 year-old children. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol1979; 46(2): 147–154.
4.
NiedermeyerEThe normal EEG of the waking adult. In: NiedermeyerELopes daSilva FH, (eds). Electroencephalography: Basic Principles, Clinical Applications, and Related Fields. 4th ed.Baltimore: Williams and Wilkins; 1998: 149–168.
5.
BergerH. Über das Elektrenkephalogramm des Menschen. Arch Psychiat Nervenkr1929; 87: 527–570.
6.
GloorPThe work of Hans Berger. In: RemondA, (ed) Handbook of Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology. Amsterdam: Elsevier; 1971: 11–24.
7.
ColomboCGambiniOMacciardiFBellodiLSacchettiEVitaA. Alpha reactivity in schizophrenia and in schizophrenic spectrum disorders: demographic, clinical and hemispheric assessment. Int J Psychophysiol1989; 7(1): 47–54.
8.
DuffyFHAlbertMSMcAnultyGGarveyAJ. Age-related differences in brain electrical activity of healthy subjects. Ann Neurol1984; 16(4): 430–438.
9.
PartanenJSoininenHHelkalaELKononenMKilpelainenRRiekkinenP. Relationship between EEG reactivity and neuropsychological tests in vascular dementia. J Neural Transm1997; 104(8–9): 905–912.
10.
KoukkouMLehmannDFederspielAMerloMC. EEG reactivity and EEG activity in never-treated acute schizophrenics, measured with spectral parameters and dimensional complexity. J Neural Transm Gen Sect1995; 99(1–3): 89–102.
11.
MolnarMCsuhajRHorvathSVastaghIGaalZACziglerB. Spectral and complexity features of the EEG changed by visual input in a case of subcortical stroke compared to healthy controls. Clin Neurophysiol2006; 117(4): 771–780.
12.
ShagassCRoemerRAJosiassenRC. Some quantitative EEG findings in unmedicated and medicated major depressives. Neuropsychobiology1988; 19(4): 169–175.
13.
SignorinoMBrizioliEAmadioLBelardinelliNPucciEAngeleriF. An EEG power index (eyes open vs. eyes closed) to differentiate Alzheimer's from vascular dementia and healthy ageing. Arch Gerontol Geriatr1996; 22(3): 245–260.
14.
GómezCMMarco-PallarésJGrauC. Location of brain rhythms and their modulation by preparatory attention estimated by current density. Brain Research2006; 1107: 151–160.
15.
Martinez-MontesEValdes-SosaPAMiwakeichiFGoldmanRCohenM. Concurrent EEG/fMRI analysis by multiway partial least squares. Neuroimage2004; 22: 1023–1034.
16.
BabiloniCBinettiGCassarinoADalFGDelPCFerreriF. Sources of cortical rhythms in adults during physiological aging: a multicentric EEG study. Hum Brain Mapp2006; 27(2): 162–172.
17.
MichelCMKoukkouMLehmannD. EEG reactivity in high and low symptomatic schizophrenics, using source modelling in the frequency domain. Brain Topogr1993; 5(4): 389–394.
18.
FeigeBSchefflerKEspositoFDiSFHennigJSeifritzE. Cortical and subcortical correlates of electroencephalographic alpha rhythm modulation. J Neurophysiol2005; 93(5): 2864–2872.
19.
FranciottiRLaconoDDellaPSPizzellaVTorquatiKOnofrjMRomaniGL. Cortical rhythms reactivity in AD, LBD and normal subjects: a quantitative MEG study. Neurobiol Aging2006; 27(8): 1100–1109.
20.
HariRSalmelinR. Human cortical oscillations: a neuromagnetic view through the skull. Trends Neurosci1997; 20(1): 44–49.
21.
LiljestromMKujalaJJensenOSalmelinR. Neuromagnetic localization of rhythmic activity in the human brain: a comparison of three methods. Neuroimage2005; 25(3): 734–745.
22.
BoschJValdesPAViruesT. 3D statistical parametric mapping of EEG source spectra by means of variable resolution electromagnetic tomography (VARETA). Clin Electroencephalogr2001; 32(2): 47–61.
23.
Pascual-MarquiRDMichelCMLehmannD. Low resolution electromagnetic tomography: a new method for localizing electrical activity in the brain. Int J Psychophysiol1994; 18(1): 49–65.
MichelCMMurrayMMLantzGGonzalezSSpinelliLGrave dePeralta R. EEG source imaging. Clin Neulophysiol2004; 115: 2195–2222.
26.
ThomsonD. Spectrum estimation and harmonic analysis. Proc IEEE1982; 70: 1055–1096.
27.
EfronB. Large-scale simultaneous hypothesis testing: the choice of a null hypothesis. J Am Statist Assoc2004; 99: 96–104.
28.
PictonTWAlainCWoodsDLJohnMSSchergMValdesPA. Intracerebral sources of human auditory-evoked potentials. Audiol Neurootol1999; 4(2): 64–79.
29.
EvansACCollinsDLMillsSR. 3D statistical neuroanatomical models from 305 MRI volumes. Proc IEEE Nucl Sci Symp Med Imag Conf1993; 95: 1813–1817.
30.
ChatrianGELairyGCThe EEG of the waking adult. In: RemondA. (ed). Handbook of Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology. Amsterdam; Elsevier; 1971.
31.
GrillonCBuchsbaumMS. Computed EEG topography of response to visual and auditory stimuli. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol1986; 63(1): 42–53.
32.
EtevenonPEustacheFMitermiteFLepaisantJLechevalierBZarifianE. EEG cartography before and after visual stimulation: a group study with descriptive non-parametric analysis of EEG data. Brain Topogr1990; 3(1): 13–19.
33.
RistanovicDMartinovicZJJovanovicV. Topography of visual EEG reactivity in school-age children. Brain Dev1999; 21(4): 236–243.
34.
MoruzziGMagounHW. Brain stem reticular formation and activation of EEG. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol1949; 1: 455–473.
35.
Lopes daSilva FHVan LieropTHSchrijerCFStorm vanLeeuwen W. Organization of thalamic and cortical alpha rhythm: spectra and coherences. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol1973a; 35: 627–639.
36.
HariRSalmelinRMakelaJPSaleniusSHelleM. Magnetoencephalographic cortical rhythms. Int J Psychophysiol1997; 26: 51–62.
37.
SaleniusSKajolaMThompsonWLKosslynSHariR. Reactivity of magnetic parieto-occipital alpha rhythm during visual imagery. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol1995; 95(6): 453–462.
38.
DanosPGuichSAbelLBuchsbaumMS. EEG alpha rhythm and glucose metabolic rate in the thalamus in schizophrenia. Neuropsychobiology2001; 43(4): 265–272.
39.
GoldmanRISternJMEngelJJr.CohenMS. Simultaneous EEG and fMRI of the alpha rhythm. Neuroreport2002; 13(18): 2487–2492.
40.
GoncalvesSIde MunckJCPouwelsPJSchoonhovenRKuijerJPMauritsNM. Correlating the alpha rhythm to BOLD using simultaneous EEG/fMRI: inter-subject variability. Neuroimage2006; 30(1): 203–213.
41.
MoosmannMRitterPKrastelIBrinkATheesSBlankenburgF. Correlates of alpha rhythm in functional magnetic resonance imaging and near infrared spectroscopy. Neuroimage2003; 20(1): 145–158.
42.
SadatoNNakamuraSOohashiTNishinaEFuwamotoYWakiAYonekuraY. Neural networks for generation and suppression of alpha rhythm: a PET study. NeuroReport1998; 9: 893–897.
43.
TrujilloNJAubertEValdesPA. Bayesian model averaging in EEG/MEG imaging. Neuroimage2004; 21: 1300–1319.
AngeleriFProvincialiLScarpinoOSignorinoM. EEG spectral analysis, P300 and CNV in bilateral parietotemporal areas during single and contemporary intermittent verbal task: a clinical approach. Res Commun Psychol Psychiatr Behav1982; 7: 85–96.
46.
LuriaAR. The Working Brain. New York: Basic Books; 1973.
47.
KlimeschW. EEG alpha and theta oscillations reflect cognitive and memory performance: a review and analysis. Brain Res Rev1999; 29(2–3): 169–195.
48.
KlimeschWDoppelmayrMPachingerTRipperB. Brain oscillations and human memory: EEG correlates in the upper alpha and theta band. Neurosci Lett1997; 238(1–2): 9–12.
49.
Samson-DollfusDDelapierreGDoMCBlondeauC. Normal and pathological changes in alpha rhythms. Int J Psychophysiol1997; 26(1–3): 395–409.
50.
MatousekMVolavkaJRoubicekJ. The electroencephalogram in a normal population. II. The effect of physiological changes on the EEG. Cesk Psychiatr1967; 63(2): 73–78.
51.
Lopes daSilva FEEG analysis: theory and practice. In: NiedermeyerELopes daSilva FH, (eds). Electroencephalography: Basic Principles, Clinical Applications, and Related Fields. 4th ed.Baltimore: Williams and Wilkins; 1998: 1135–1160.
52.
KononenMPartanenJV. Blocking of EEG alpha activity during visual performance in healthy adults: a quantitative study. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol1993; 87(3): 164–166.
53.
MantiniDPerrucciMGDel GrattaCRomaniGLCorbettaM. Electrophysiological signatures of resting state networks in the human brain. PNAS2007; 104(32): 13170–13175.
54.
NichollsJGMartinARWallaceBGFuchsPA. From Neuron to Brain 2001. 4th ed.Sunderlands, MA: Sinaeur Associates; 2001.
55.
LauritzenM. Reading vascular changes in brain imaging is dendritic calcium the key?Neuroscience2005; 6: 77–85.
56.
KellyBJLuceJM. Current concepts in cerebral protection. Chest1993; 103: 1246–1254.
57.
JuhaszCKamondiASzirmaiI. Spectral EEG analysis following hemispheric stroke: evidences of transhemispheric diaschisis. Acta Neurol Scand1997; 96(6): 397–400.
58.
van HuffelenACPoortvlietDCVan der WulpCJ. Quantitative electroencephalography in cerebral ischemia: detection of abnormalities in “normal” EEGs. Prog Brain Res1984; 62: 3–28.
59.
MolnarMGacsGUjvariGSkinnerJEKarmosG. Dimensional complexity of the EEG in subcortical stroke: a case study. Int J Psychophysiol1997; 25(3): 193–199.
60.
KoprunerVPfurtschellerGAuerLM. Quantitative EEG in normals and in patients with cerebral ischemia. Prog Brain Res1984; 62: 29–50.
