This paper reports important parameters that affect water ricochet studies for artillery projectiles. The factors affecting ricochet are critical angle and critical velocity of impact. This study has developed mathematical models for ricochet studies and derived expressions for critical angle and critical velocity. Simulations have been carried out for standard bullets, the data for which are available in open literature. The effects of mass, diameter, and length of the projectile on critical velocity and angle are studied through two non-dimensional parameters, µ and θ. The results suggest how ricochet conditions can be avoided by defining initial data at launch.
JohnsonW. Ricochet of non-spinning projectiles, mainly from water. Part I. Some historical contributions. Int J Impact Eng1998; 21: 15–24.
3.
RichardsonEG. The impact of a solid on a liquid surface. Proc Phys Soc1948; 61: 352–367.
4.
JohnsonW. The ricochet of spinning and non-spinning spherical projectiles, mainly from water. Part II. An outline of theory and warlike applications. Int J Impact Eng1998; 21: 25–34.
5.
JohnsonWReidS. Ricochet of spheres off water. J Mech Eng Sci1975; 17: 71–81.
6.
BeauchantTS. The naval gunner. Hurst, Chance, 1829.
7.
StinnerA. Physics and the dambusters. Phys Educ1989; 24: 260–267.
8.
SeddonCMMoatamediM. Review of water entry with applications to aerospace structures. Int J Impact Eng2006; 32: 1045–1067.
9.
Von KarmanT. The impact on seaplane floats during landing. NASA, 1929.
10.
GoldRESchecterB. Ricochet dynamics for the nine-millimetre parabellum bullet. J Forensic Sci1992; 37: 90–98.
