The ability to think strategically is critical for leaders and managers at multiple organizational levels. Specific work experiences can contribute to the development of an individual’s strategic thinking ability. Culture, among other organizational factors, can either encourage or limit those contributions. Leaders, as culture constructors and transformers, can act to maximize the relationship between organizational culture and the process of learning to think strategically. A cadre of formal training, developmental activities, and self-directed learning initiatives can provide leaders with the skills to enhance the strategic thinking of those they lead.
Andrews, K.R. ( 1971). The concept of corporate strategy. Home-wood, IL: Dow Jones-Irwin.
2.
Antonakis, J., Cianciolo, A. T., & Sternberg, R. J. (Eds.). (2004). The nature of leadership. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
3.
Avolio, B.J. ( 2005). Leadership development in balance. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
4.
Bonn, I. ( 2001). Developing strategic thinking as a core competency . Management Decision, 39, 63-71.
5.
Bonn, I. ( 2005). Improving strategic thinking: A multilevel approach . Leadership & Organizational Development Journal, 26, 336-354.
6.
Casey, A., & Goldman, E. ( 2010). Enhancing the ability to think strategically: A learning model. Management Learning, 41, 167-185. doi:10.1177/1350507609355497.
7.
Eden, C., & Ackermann, F. ( 1998). Making strategy. London, England: Sage.
8.
Essery, E. ( 2002). Reflecting on leadership. Works Management , 55, 54-57.
9.
Floyd, S.W., & Wooldridge, B. (2000). Building strategy from the middle: Reconceptualizing strategy process. London , England: Sage.
10.
Goldman, E.F. ( 2005). Becoming an expert strategic thinker: The learning journey of healthcare CEOs. Dissertation Abstracts International . (UMI No. 3181551)
11.
Goldman, E.F. ( 2007). Strategic thinking at the top. MIT Sloan Management Review, 48, 75-81.
12.
Goldman, E. ( 2008a). Integrating work experiences into teaching. Journal of Strategy and Management, 1, 93-110.
13.
Goldman, E.F. ( 2008b). The power of work experiences: Critical characteristics to developing expertise in strategic thinking. Human Resource Development Quarterly, 19, 217-239.
14.
Hanford, P. ( 1995). Developing director and executive competencies in strategic thinking. In B. Garratt (Ed.), Developing strategic thought: Reinventing the art of direction-giving (pp. 157-186). London, England: McGraw-Hill.
15.
Heracleous, L. ( 1998). Strategic thinking or strategic planning? Long range planning, 31, 481-487.
16.
Hughes, R.L., & Beatty, K.C. ( 2005). Becoming a strategic leader: Your role in your organization’s enduring success. San Francisco, CA : Jossey-Bass and The Center for Creative Leadership .
17.
Johnson, G., Melin, L., & Whittington, R. (2003). Micro strategy and strategizing: Towards an activity-based view. Journal of Management Studies , 40, 3-21.
18.
Karp, T., & Helgo, T. ( 2008). The future of leadership: The art of leading people in a "post-managerial" environment. Foresight, 10, 30-37.
19.
Kayes, D.C. ( 2002). Experiential learning and its critics: Preserving the role of experience in management learning and education. Academy of Management Learning and Education, 1, 137-149.
20.
Kilmann, R.H., Saxton, M.J., & Serpa, R. ( 1985). Introduction: Five key issues in understanding and changing culture. In R. H. Kilmann, M. J. Saxton, R. Serpa, & Associates (Eds.), Gaining control of the corporate culture (pp. 1-16). San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.
21.
Kolb, D.A. ( 1984). Experiential learning: Experience as the source of learning and development. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall.
22.
Kolb, D. ( 2007). Kolb Learning Style Inventory (Version 3.1). Boston, MA: The Hay Group Transforming Learning.
23.
Kram, K.E. ( 1996). A relational approach to career development. In D. T. Hall (Ed.), The career is dead-Long live the career: A relational approach to careers (pp. 105-131). San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.
24.
Levi, D. ( 2007). Group dynamics for teams. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
25.
Liedtka, J. ( 1998). Strategic thinking: Can it be taught? Long Range Planning, 31, 120-129.
26.
Lorsch, J.W. ( 1985). Strategic myopia: Culture as an invisible barrier to change. In R. H. Kilmann, M. J. Saxton, R. Serpa, & Associates (Eds.), Gaining control of the corporate culture (pp. 84-102). San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.
27.
Mason, J. ( 1986). Developing strategic thinking. Long Range Planning, 19, 72-80.
28.
Miles, R.E., & Snow, C.C. ( 2003). Organizational strategy, structure, and process . Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press. (Original work published 1973)
29.
Mintzberg, H. ( 1978). Patterns in strategy formation. Management Science, 24, 934-948.
30.
Mintzberg, H. ( 1994). The fall and rise of strategic planning. Harvard Business Review, 72, 107-114.
31.
Mintzberg, H., Ahlstrand, B., & Lampel, J. ( 1998). Strategy safari: A guided tour through the wilds of strategic management. New York, NY: Free Press .
32.
Pisapia, J.R. ( 2009). The strategic leader: New tactics for a globalizing world . Charlotte, NC: Information Age .
33.
Porac, J.F., & Thomas, H. ( 2002). Managing cognition and strategy: Issues, trends and future directions. In A. Pettigrew, H. Thomas, & R. Whittington (Eds.), Handbook of strategy and management (pp. 165-181). London, England: Sage.
34.
Sashkin, M., & Sashkin, M.G. ( 2003). Leadership that matters. San Francisco, CA: Berrett-Koehler.
35.
Sathe, V. ( 1985). How to decipher and change corporate culture. In R. H. Kilmann, M. J. Saxton, R. Serpa, & Associates (Eds.), Gaining control of the corporate culture (pp. 230-261). San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.
36.
Schein, E.H. ( 2004). Organizational culture and leadership (3rd ed.). San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.
37.
Steiner, G.A., Miner, J.B., & Gray, E.R. ( 1982). Management policy and strategy. New York, NY: Macmillan.
38.
Weeks, J. ( 2006). On management: Culture eats strategy. Management Today. Retrieved from http://www.managementtoday.co.uk/news/560592/on-management-culture-eats-strategy/
39.
Wheatley, M.J. ( 2006). Leadership and the new science: Discovering order in a chaotic world (3rd ed.). San Francisco, CA: Berrett-Koehler.
40.
Whetten, D.A., & Clark, S.C. ( 1996). An integrated model for teaching management skills . Journal of Management Education, 20, 152-181.
