Free accessResearch articleFirst published online 2006-12
High Rate Multiple Drug Resistances in HIV-Infected Patients Failing Nonnucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitor Regimens in Thailand,Where Subtype A/E is Predominant
The prevalence of drug resistance was determined among 64 HIV-infected Thai patients who were failed while receiving nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTI)–based regimens. Eighty-nine percent of patients had 1 or more NNRTI mutation resistances. Almost all patients had resistance to at least 1 nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NRTI), and 42% had multiple-NRTI resistance.
Palella FJ Jr, Delaney KM, Moorman AC, et al. Declining morbidity and mortality among patients with advanced human immunodeficiency virus infection. HIV Outpatient Study Investigators. N Engl J Med. 1998;338:853-860.
2.
Gazzard B, BHIVA Writing Committee. British HIV Association (BHIVA) guidelines for the treatment of HIV-infected adults with antiretroviral therapy (2005). HIV Med. 2005;6(suppl 2):1-61.
3.
Guidelines for the use of antiretroviral agents in HIV-linfected adults and adolescents. DHHS Panel on Clinical Practice for Treatment of HIV infection. Available at: http://AIDSinfo.nih.gov. Accessed April 7, 2005.
4.
WHO. Scaling up antiretroviral therapy in resource-limited settings: treatment guidelines for a public health approach. Geneva: WHO; 2003.
5.
Johnson VA, Brun-Vezinet F, Clotet B, et al. Update of the drug resistance mutations in HIV-1: 2005. Top HIV Med.2005; 13:51-57.
6.
Yeni PG, Hammer SM, Hirsch MS, et al. Treatment for adult HIV infection: 2004 recommendations of the International AIDS Society-USA Panel. JAMA. 2004;292: 251-265.
7.
Maxeiner HG, Keulen W, Schuurman R, et al. Selection of zidovudine resistance mutations and escape of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 from antiretroviral pressure in stavudine-treated pediatric patients. J Infect Dis.2002;185:1070-1076.
8.
Sirivichayakul S, Ruxrungtham K, Ungsedhapand C, et al. Nucleoside analogue mutations and Q151M in HIV-1 subtype A/E infection treated with nucleoside reverse-transcriptase inhibitors. AIDS. 2003;17:1889-1896.
9.
van Rossum AM, Fraaij PL, de Groot R.Efficacy of highly active antiretroviral therapy in HIV-1-infected children. Lancet Infect Dis.2002;2:93-102.
10.
Lolekha R, Siangphoe U, Pancharoen C, et al. Resistance to dual nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors in children infected with HIV clade A/E. Clin Infect Dis.2005;40:309-312.
11.
Taylor S, Allen S, Fidler S, et al. Stop study: after discontinuation of efavirenz, plasma concentrations may persist for 2 weeks or longer. Paper presented at: 11th CROI; February 2004; San Francisco, Calif.
12.
de Mendoza C, Ramos JT, Ciria L, et al. Efficacy and safety of stavudine plus didanosine in asymptomatic HIV-infected children with plasma HIV RNA below 50,000 copies per milliliter. HIV Clin Trials.2002;3:9-16.
13.
Pellegrin I, Izopet J, Reynes J, et al. Emergence of zidovudine and multidrug-resistance mutations in the HIV-1 reverse transcriptase gene in therapy-naive patients receiving stavudine plus didanosine combination therapy. STADI Group. AIDS. 1999;13:1705-1709.
14.
Eshleman SH, Hoover DR, Chen S, et al. Nevirapine (NVP) resistance in woman with HIV-1 subtype C, compared with subtypes A and D after the administration of single-dose NVP. J Infect Dis.2005;192:30-36.
15.
Grossman Z, Istomin V, Averbuch D, et al. Genetic variation at NNRTI resistance-associated positions in patients infected with HIV-1 subtype C. AIDS. 2004;18:909-915.
16.
van Leth F, Phanuphak P, Ruxrungtham K, et al. Comparison of first-line antiretroviral therapy with regimens including nevirapine, efavirenz, or both drugs, plus stavudine and lamivudine: a randomised open-label trial, the 2NN Study. Lancet. 2004;363:1253-1263.
