Strengthening Prevention and Treatment of HIV,Viral Hepatitis,Sexually Transmitted Infections,and Tuberculosis Among Women Who Are Justice System-Involved: CDC Recommendations and Resources

Abstract

Women who are currently or formerly incarcerated experience disproportionately high rates of certain infections and diseases, including HIV, viral hepatitis, sexually transmitted infections (STIs), and tuberculosis (TB). These disparities are shaped by overlapping social and structural conditions such as substance use, trauma, poverty, and limited access to health care. Incarceration can be a critical point of intervention to provide health care access for women who otherwise might not be able to prioritize their own health. However, the effectiveness of these efforts is often limited by variable lengths of incarceration, stigma, limited resources, and fragmented systems of care. This report outlines opportunities to strengthen prevention, treatment, and linkage to care for HIV, viral hepatitis, STIs, and TB among women who are justice system-involved. Specifically, by summarizing recommendations from the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), including those found in the Summary of CDC Recommendations for Correctional Settings, this report seeks to support care around screening, vaccination, and treatment for women at three key stages: intake, during incarceration, and at release. Guidance is also provided for incarcerated women during and after pregnancy, including recommendations for infection screening and unique aspects of chronic care management. Additional strategies are reviewed, including point-of-care testing, to support health engagement and health care continuity, peer mentorship, and coordinated reentry planning. CDC resources are highlighted throughout the report to assist correctional health staff, clinicians, and public health departments in improving outcomes for this population.