The etiology of primary impotence has long been considered to be mostly psychogenic. On the basis of their study of 400 impotent men, the authors found conversely that a subgroup of 24 patients (6%) with primary erectile dysfunc tion had an organic etiology responsible for the disorder. Of these, 20 (83.3%) were found to have penile arterial insufficiency, either alone or associated with hormonal or neural deficiencies; the remaining 4 patients had hormonal defi ciencies alone. Detected lesions of the penile arteries were subtle and mostly congenital. The authors recommend that a complete urologic and vascular work-up be performed prior to attempting a lengthy psychosexual therapy, be cause modern urologic and vascular therapy does offer definite cure to these patients.