1. Philip Q. Yang, Ethnic Studies: Issues and Approaches (New York: State University of New York Press, 2000), 25.

2. Ibid., 26.

3. Elsa Barkley Brown and Gregg D. Kimball, “Mapping the Terrain of Black Richmond,” in The New African American Urban History, ed. Kenneth W. Goings and Raymond A. Mohl (Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage, 1996); Sarah Deutsch, Women and the City: Gender, Space, and Power in Boston (New York: Oxford University Press, 2001).

4. Julie Thompson Klein and William H. Newell, “Advancing Interdisciplinary Studies,” in Interdisciplinarity: Essays from the Literature, ed. William H. Newell (New York: College Entrance Examination Board, 1998), 3. See also Johnella E. Butler, ed., Color-Line to Borderlands: The Matrix of American Ethnic Studies (Seattle: University of Washington Press, 2001), xxii.

5. Angel David Nieves, “‘We Gave Our Hearts and Lives to It’: African-American Women Reformers, Industrial Education, and the Monuments of Nation-Building in the Post-Reconstruction South, 1877-1938” (Ph.D. diss., Cornell University, 2001).

6. Jennifer Fleischner, “Memory, Sickness, and Slavery,” in Mastering Slavery: Memory, Family, and Identity in Women’s Slave Narratives (New York: New York University Press, 1996), 397-98. I do not, however, agree with landscape historian Kenrick Ian Grandison, who argues that the black college campus is a site of terror. See Kenrick Ian Grandison, “Landscapes of Terror: A Reading of Tuskegee’s Historic Campus,” in The Geography of Identity, ed. Patricia Yaeger (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1996), 334. Instead, a much more nuanced reading suggests that the campus can be seen as a site representative of past trauma invested with new meaning for self-empowerment and as a an archive of enslavement. See Allan Sekula, “The Body and the Archive,”October 39 (winter 1986): 3-64.

7. Robin D. G. Kelley, “‘We Are Not What We Seem’: Rethinking Black Working-Class Opposition in the Jim Crow South,”Journal of American History 80 (June 1993); Tera W. Hunter, To ’Joy My Freedom: Southern Black Women’s Lives and Labors after the Civil War (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1997).

8. Frances E. W. Harper, Iola Leroy or Shadows Uplifted (Philadelphia: Garrigues Brothers, 1893), 116.

“With them the Pen Must be Mightier than the Sword”: Writing,Engendering,and Racializing Planning History

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