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Abstract

The popularity of GitHub is growing, among not only software developers but also statisticians and data scientists. In this article, I discuss why social coding platforms such as GitHub are preferable for developing, documenting, maintaining, and collaborating on statistical software. Furthermore, I introduce the github command version 2.0 for Stata, which facilitates building, searching, installing, and managing statistical packages hosted on GitHub. I also provide a command for searching filenames in all Stata packages published on the Statistical Software Components Archive and GitHub to ensure unique filenames and package names, which is a common concern among Stata programmers. I make further suggestions to enhance the practice of developing and hosting statistical packages on GitHub as well as using them for data analysis.

Keywords

pr0073 github version control social coding social computing statistics software data mining

1 Introduction

GitHub¹ is a social coding site that offers plenty of features for collaboration on software such as tracking issues, documentation platform, managing tasks, and version control (Chacon and Straub 2014). Within a few years after its launch in 2008, GitHub became not only the largest host for Git repositories with over 28 million developers (GitHub 2018c) and 29 million public repositories (GitHub 2018b) but also the largest code-hosting site in the world (Gousios et al. 2014b).

Such a sharp-growing trend can also be seen for public Stata repositories on GitHub. As shown in figure 1, from 2013 to 2019, there has been a rapid growth in the number of Stata repositories, and over 4,097 repositories and 749 installable community-contributed packages have been publicly published.² The resurgence in GitHub popularity for hosting Stata packages underscores the necessity for a command that facilitates accessing and managing them. In this article, I introduce the github package, which provides a handful of tools for searching, installing, building, and managing packages that are hosted on GitHub. In addition, I point out the pros and cons of using GitHub for developing and hosting statistical packages. I start by arguing why GitHub is a good place for developing statistical software and reveal a few problems that GitHub can ameliorate for Stata community-contributed software.

Figure 1.

Public Stata repositories and packages on GitHub by year of creation

1.1 Developing statistical software on GitHub

At first glance, GitHub appears to be a multifaceted platform with a variety of industry-standard services that expedite software development, maintenance, and documentation. The preeminent advantage of GitHub, nonetheless, is its social nature (Thung et al. 2013). GitHub is essentially a social network for gregarious developers to broadcast their coding exercise, follow others’ activities, audit a repository, discover recent projects, and collaborate (Dabbish et al. 2012b; Vasilescu, Filkov, and Serebrenik 2013). Subsequently, the pro-social characteristics of GitHub promotes project dissemination by attracting attention and building reputation (Jiang, Zhang, and Li 2013), ergo peer reviewing the code by plenty of programmers.

The question, however, is, How can GitHub turn programming into a collective activity? At its core, GitHub is a combination of Git (Torvalds and Hamano 2010)—a popular distributed version control system—with a social media, which enables code integration (collaboration) through a two-level hierarchical network (Cross, Borgatti, and Parker 2002). Those who have writing privileges to a repository belong to the upper-level hierarchy and can make direct contributions to the project. In contrast, in an indirect involvement, developers who do not have writing privilege, fork (clone) (Jiang et al. 2017) the main repository, rework a part of the code, and then submit a pull request to be reviewed by the project maintainers. If accepted, the change will be incorporated in the repository. Such a practice—known as a pull-based development model (Barr et al. 2012; Gousios, Pinzger, and Van Deursen 2014a)—permits anyone to view, fork, and contribute to any public repository on GitHub (Vasilescu et al. 2014). The pull-based development model relies on distributed version control for monitoring individual inputs, preserving the progress history, supporting backup to any development period or versions, and blending individual contributions into a project (Tichy 1985; Hammack et al. 2002; Fischer, Pinzger, and Gall 2003).

There is a striving for more transparency in scientific computations (Miguel et al. 2014), and GitHub is a step toward this end. On the one hand, the publicly available development history of a project, that is, how it has evolved in time and who committed to it, elevates its transparency (Dabbish et al. 2012a). On the other hand, the project-dissemination aspect of GitHub boosts the transparency, enabling anyone on the Internet to be a potential peer reviewer (Jiang, Zhang, and Li 2013; Dabbish et al. 2012b). Studies have shown that GitHub users account for such information when evaluating a repository (Dabbish et al. 2012a; Jiang et al. 2017; Marlow, Dabbish, and Herbsleb 2013).

Despite the success of open-source software, there are many challenges associated with the open-source software development. For example, a lack of structured documentation and communication, which are required for teamwork (Vasilescu et al. 2014). Moreover, every time a pull request is made to update the project, one of the project’s core team members should review and integrate the suggested changes to the code or documentation (Gousios et al. 2015). Evidently, the more complex the project, the larger such obstacles (El Emam et al. 2001). Nevertheless, generally speaking, such problems are less probable for Stata packages because most do not have an intricate structure. To evaluate this assertion, I mined and analyzed all Stata packages published on the Boston College Statistical Software Components (SSC) Archive and GitHub until January 1, 2019.³ The resulting datasets comprised 707 installable repositories (some of which included multiple Stata packages) hosted on GitHub and 2,807 packages hosted on the SSC Archive. Analyzing their content revealed that, respectively, 60% and 70% of the commands hosted on GitHub and the SSC Archive are composed of a single script file (that is, an ado-file or a Mata file). In the same vein, roughly 80% of packages on GitHub and 90% of packages on the SSC Archive included up to three script files only. This implies that most Stata packages have a relatively simple structure.

1.2 Hosting statistical software on GitHub

The SSC Archive has been the primary landing point for most Stata packages. Packages published on the SSC Archive are indexed by the search command after a while. But this convenience comes with several critical drawbacks that might make GitHub an excellent alternative:

The SSC Archive facilitates searching and installing a package. However, there is no way to download a package as a zip file for archiving it in a data-analysis project or inspecting it (see the technical note below).

The SSC Archive does not require specifying or report any information about version and license of hosted packages.

The SSC Archive hosts only the latest release of the package, without archiving the previous releases. Along with lack of version specification, this can pose threats to research reproducibility.

There is no mechanism to cite and install dependencies on the SSC Archive (see section 2.4), which cannot be accomplished without archiving previous releases either. Otherwise, relying on other community-contributed software without declaring⁴ the required version would be a sloppy programming practice.

GitHub knows none of these limits. Stata packages hosted on GitHub can be downloaded as 1) a development version, which is often the main branch of the repository, and 2) a stable release. The latter is significant because it is prepared and documented for the installation. Releasing a stable version on GitHub is as simple as a few mouse clicks. More importantly, all previous releases are archived and remain accessible. For every release, the maintainer has to declare a unique version and, optionally, can write a report about that release. In addition, GitHub can host not only the software but also its documentation via a version-controlled Wiki. Users can fork the Wiki, update it, and make a pull request, just as they would do for updating a program.

However, the primary obstacle with retrieving packages from GitHub is that Stata’s search command cannot look for packages hosted on GitHub. Moreover, installing a package using Stata’s net install command—using the repository URL—can set up only the main branch (which is most likely to be the development version). In the following sections, I introduce github command version 2.0, which aims to solve all of these limitations. I will explain how to select a license, declare a version, cite and automatically install dependencies, and revert to a particular version of a software, along with its required dependencies.

Technical note

The ssczip ⁵ program can download any package from the SSC Archive as a zip file. It also obtains the release date of the package and renames the zip file accordingly. The publication date is not a replacement for a software version but at least provides a clue about the package updates.

1.3 Addressing the problem of unique filenames

Stata lacks modularized package loading, in contrast to R or Python. Therefore, all community-contributed script files are stored in shared directories. Thus, there is a possibility of overwriting a script file if an identical filename is used in two installed packages. This problem can be ameliorated by checking whether a particular filename exists in other packages. The github package includes a command for searching through all known packages, helping developers to ensure unique filenames. Moreover, it includes a command for building Stata package installations that automatically examines the filenames (see section 3).

2 The github command

The github package provides a comprehensive toolbox for working with Stata packages that are hosted on GitHub. The command itself does not offer any command for interacting with a version control software. Instead, it facilitates

searching GitHub application programming interface (API), http://www.stata.com, and other web sources for Stata packages.

installing a development, a stable, or an archived stable version of a package, along with its dependencies.

managing and updating installed packages.

introducing a graphical user interface (GUI) and the building of packaging files (that is, the pkg and toc files) to make a GitHub repository installable.

2.1 Installation

The github command is hosted on GitHub only and can be installed by typing

. net install github, from("https://haghish.github.io/github/")

The Stata programs that are used for mining GitHub and the SSC Archive are included in the githubtools repository and can be optionally installed as follows:

. github install haghish/githubtools, stable

2.2 Syntax

The general syntax of the github package is summarized below. The behavior of the package changes based on the given subcommands, which are summarized in table 1.

github [ subcommand ] […] [ , options ]

Table 1.

Summary of github‘s subcommands

Subcommands	Description
Essential
list	expedites managing packages installed with github
search	looks for packages or repositories via GitHub API
install	installs a package along with its dependencies
uninstall	removes a package from Stata
update	updates a package to the latest version
Supplementary
version	returns the version of an installed package
query	returns all archived stable versions of a package
check	tests whether a repository is an installable Stata package
findfile	searches filenames in all Stata packages on the SSC Archive and GitHub

Apart from list (which does not take any other argument) and search (which can take multiple keywords), other subcommands are followed by either a packagename or a username/repository. For the latter, the combination of the username/repository provides the URL address to access the GitHub repository and is required by the install, check, and query subcommands.

2.3 Searching Stata repositories

The github search command contacts the GitHub API to search for Stata packages using one or multiple keywords. The complete syntax is as follows:

The options help narrowing down or expanding the search scope. For example, you may limit the results to repositories where the majority of the code is written in the Stata language⁶ (default) or expand the search by including results from Stata’s search command. These options are further explained below:

language( string ) specifies the programming language of interest. Specify "all" (or the name of a programming language) to search for repositories written in other programming languages. The default is language("Stata"), which shows only repositories where the majority of the source code is written with Stata.

in( string ) specifies the search scope. The default is in("name, description"), which searches the repository names and their description. Alternative search scopes are "name", "description", "readme", or "all". The latter includes results from the repository’s name, description, and its README.md file, if it exists.⁷

all asserts that repositories that are not installable Stata packages should also be included in the output. In other words, if the repository does not include packagename .pkg and stata.toc to make it installable, it will be included in the search results. By default, only installable repositories are shown in the output.

net indicates that a general package search should be performed, including results from the search command. If this option is specified, github search will make a complete list of the relevant packages on GitHub as well as other web sources. Subsequently, it investigates the search output and notes the publication date. This will provide a hint regarding the version of the packages published on different platforms.

local appends the results of a local Stata search (help files, FAQs, Stata Journal articles, etc.) in the github search results.

save( filename ) stores the search results in a dataset.

replace replaces the existing dataset.

The package incorporates a search GUI with all options above that can be launched by typing db github. For example, to search for the markdoc (Haghish 2016) package, one can type db github and then type the package name as the keywords in the GUI (see figure 2):

Figure 2.

github search GUI

Alternatively, one can execute the github search markdoc command:

The command presents useful information in the search output. For example, it prints the latest update of the package, its homepage (if specified), and its main programming language. It also checks whether the repository is an installable Stata package; if so, an Install text appears in the output table that allows installing the package with a mouse click. Furthermore, the search command examines the package dependencies and displays a link to the dependency.do file, if found in the repository (see section 2.4), as shown in the lower-right corner of the output above.

Another way to look for Stata packages is to search keywords. For example, searching for the literate programming keywords would show any installable repository that includes both or any of these words in the repository name or description as shown below:

2.4 Installing GitHub repositories

The query, check, and install subcommands are to some extent related to package installation. The query subcommand displays the archived stable releases of a repository and allows installing an older release of a package, if desired (see section 4). The check subcommand tests whether the repository is an installable Stata package. Finally, the install subcommand downloads and installs the package and its dependencies, if there are any. These subcommands require the username and the repository name and follow a similar syntax, which is shown below.

github [subcommand] username/repository , stable version( string)

The install subcommand takes two options of stable and version( str ), which are further explained below:

stable installs the latest stable release of a software and is generally recommended for installing packages from GitHub.

version( string ) specifies a particular version (release tags) to be installed.

For example, let us assume you would like to install the rcall package (Haghish 2019b) from GitHub, which interfaces R within Stata interactively. The rcall package is hosted on http://github.com/haghish/rcall, but if you did not know the username/repository address, you could simply search for it as shown below and obtain the username and repository name from the search output.

In this example, three Stata packages mention rcall in their repository name or description. A closer inspection reveals that two of the packages are built upon rcall, which is shown at the top of the results output. Using the username and repository name with the check subcommand confirms that the repository is an installable Stata package.

In the same fashion, with the query subcommand, the archived stable releases of the package are displayed:

Finally, we can use the install subcommand to install the Stata package. I recommend using the stable option to install the latest stable release of the package, if available. If no stable version is released by the repository maintainer, the command notifies you and installs the development version instead.

The rcall package has a dependency, which was also evident from the search output. I will address declaring package dependencies in the following section.

Technical note

As shown from the returned results of the query subcommand, the last stable version of the rcall package to date is 2.4.1, released on 2018-11-01. We can install this version by clicking on the install link in the output table. Doing so will apply the version() option to install a particular release of the package:

. github install haghish/rcall, version(2.4.1)

By avoiding the stable or version() option or installing a package using the net install command, one installs the development version of a package. Nonetheless, installing a stable release is generally recommended.

Package dependencies

Package dependency is a somewhat unaddressed problem with Stata, particularly because the SSC Archive does not provide any procedure for declaring and installing dependencies. Thus, developers apply work-around tricks to check whether the required packages are installed. For example, they may search for a script file from the required dependency package. If the file was not found on the machine, an error is returned notifying the user that a dependency is missing. With such a clumsy workflow, developers have no control over the versions of the dependencies, and that can often lead to bigger problems in the long run. From a different perspective, this problem motivates the developers to include all of their codes within a single package and avoid modulating their code into separate packages that can be used by other developers.

The github package provides a solution to this problem, allowing automatic installation of package dependencies. When a package is installed, the github command looks for a file named dependency.do within the repository, and if found, it executes it. The dependency file may use the github install command along with the version() option to require a particular stable release.

2.5 Handling installed packages

The list, update, and uninstall subcommands, as their names suggest, carry out the package management tasks. The general syntax of these subcommands is as follows:

github [ subcommand] [packagename]

These subcommands require only the packagename. Perhaps the handiest of these subcommands is list, which lists the installed packages and checks whether there is an update available for any of them:

In the output above, the currently installed version and the latest release of the software are shown. If there is a newer release available, a clickable update text appears that allows updating the package. Alternatively, the same actions can be done using the update subcommand, followed by the package name. For example, to update the rcall, type

. github update rcall

Finally, to remove the package, type

. github uninstall rcall

Technical note

When a package is installed using github install, its information is stored in an internal database. The internal database is named github.dta and is automatically created in the plus\g\ directory. Anytime a package is installed, updated, or removed within the github command, the database is also updated accordingly. I recommend that users, to keep the database consistent, avoid using the ado command for removing or updating packages installed with the github command. Nevertheless, the github list command examines whether any package has been removed without using the github uninstall command and updates the database accordingly.

3 github for developers

Stata developers can make use of two features of the github package. First and foremost, the package can search through all Stata packages on GitHub and the SSC Archive to find out whether a given filename is used elsewhere. Second, it provides a systematic framework for building and updating the package installation files. The latter greatly simplifies taking care of packaging and rebuilding a Stata software on GitHub and also automatically checks whether the package filenames exist elsewhere. These two features are described below.

3.1 Ensuring unique filenames

As mentioned in section 1.3, Stata community-contributed packages might overwrite one another if they include identical filenames. Having an archive of all known Stata packages and their filenames can guide programmers to check whether their filenames are unique. The mentioned database is named githubfiles.dta and is included within the github package. The code for building the database is available on http://github.com/haghish/githubtools.

The github findfile command can search through the database and return any file that includes the given string in its name. For example, let us search for any script file that has “mark” in its name, which yields the following results:

The output shows the files and packages that include “mark” in their name and whether they are hosted on GitHub or the SSC Archive.

3.2 Building package installation files

To install a repository, Stata demands package installation files encapsulating information necessary for installing and managing the package (for instance, package name, list of installation and ancillary files, publication date, author name, software description). This information is stored within two files, named stata.toc and packagename .pkg and created manually within a text editor. For detailed explanation about these two files, type help usersite.

The github package offers a structured framework as well as a GUI for building the installation files. The minimum required information is the following:

Name

A short title

Version

License

Author name

Email or contact information

Installation or ancillary files, or both

The installation files can be script files, help files, or generally any file that should be copied to the user’s machine within the installation. To select the installation or ancillary files, browse to the package directory, and, while holding the CTRL key (Command on Mac), click on the files that should be installed. To launch the GUI, type

. db make

The GUI calls the make ⁸ command (included within the github package) to create the packagename .pkg and stata.toc files. Optionally, it can create two additional files, which are README.md and make.do, using the typed information. The latter includes the code for rebuilding the package installation. Generating this file is recommended, especially if the package documentation is generated by the markdoc (Haghish 2016) package, a procedure that is thoroughly discussed elsewhere (Haghish 2020). Simultaneously, the make command also examines whether each filename has been published elsewhere, whether on the SSC Archive or GitHub.

3.3 Example of building a Stata package

To demonstrate how a Stata package can be built using the make GUI, I have prepared a simple Stata package named echo. The package includes an ado-file named echo.ado and a help file named echo.sthlp. As the name suggests, the program only echoes a given character string. To follow the example, fork the repository using the following URL:

• https://github.com/haghish/echo.git

Next, change the working directory to where the forked repository is stored, and launch the make GUI to fill in the required information, as shown in figure 3.

. db make

Figure 3.

Example of information required for building the package installation

For this example, there are no ancillary files. Nevertheless, we have two installation files, an ado-file and a help file, that should both be selected. Next, executing the GUI will create the package installation files, which are echo.pkg and stata.toc. Uploading these files to the GitHub repository would suffice to make the repository installable. I also specified two additional files to be created, make.do and README.md. The generated files are shown in figure 4.

Figure 4.

Creating installation and supplementary files with the make GUI

Technical note

The interested reader can inspect the github ⁹, markdoc ¹⁰, and rcall ¹¹ repositories for real-world examples of building package installations with the make command. All of these repositories include a make.do file to build the package, as well as the documentation and help files.

4 Discussion

In the ‘90s, the emergence of the Internet made collaborations between geographically separated developers possible (Raymond 1999). This was particularly important for open-source software development, which survives on volunteers contributing during their spare time (Hars and Ou 2002; Raymond 1999, 2001). In contrast to the early skepticism (Lewis 1999), collaborating on open-source software has become a social norm, as implied by the enormous community of sites such as GitHub and Stack Overflow (Vasilescu, Filkov, and Serebrenik 2013). Similarly, the community of Stata developers on social coding platforms is growing fast, and GitHub has become a home to hundreds of Stata packages and thousands of Stata repositories.

In this article, I tried to fill the gap between Stata developers on GitHub and the rest of the community by providing a comprehensive software toolbox for searching, building, installing, and managing Stata packages from GitHub. In the same vein, I argued in favor of using GitHub for developing, maintaining, documenting, and even hosting a statistical package. I also warned the reader of some shortcomings of the SSC Archive because of its issues with discarding software versions, licenses, dependency declarations, and, most importantly, lack of archiving previous releases. Unlike the SSC archive, the Comprehensive R Archive Network (CRAN) (Claes, Mens, and Grosjean 2014) archives all the previous stable versions and also includes its hosted packages on Github¹² and archives the different versions via GitHub releases. Such a practice enables users to quickly navigate through different versions of a program and trace the changed codes across stable releases. A similar move from the SSC Archive would be welcomed and effectively solve all the issues I have listed.

The github package addressed the SSC Archive shortcomings, allowing access to previous releases of a software as well as automatizing the dependency installation. It also eases searching for Stata packages hosted on GitHub and allows one to install any of the previous stable releases along with their dependencies.

There is a saying that goes “too many cooks spoil the broth”. In my opinion, however, when it comes to coding and computational transparency, the more chefs involved, the better. I underscored that the primary benefit of GitHub is not its convenient and helpful software tools but its community of experts. Its huge community makes GitHub a good place for developing, maintaining, and hosting statistical software and stepping toward computational transparency.

Footnotes

5 Programs and supplemental materials

The github command is hosted on GitHub and can be installed by typing

. net install github, from("https://haghish.github.io/github/")

Notes

A Appendix

The miningtools package (Haghish 2019a) includes commands for mining Stata packages on the SSC Archive as well as GitHub. These commands can build a complete list of Stata packages available via the SSC Archive and GitHub. The repository is available via http://github.com/haghish/githubtools and also includes code and instructions for mining Stata packages on the SSC Archive and GitHub. To install the miningtools package, type

github install haghish/miningtools, stable

The github package includes two mined datasets, githubfiles.dta, which includes the filenames of all Stata packages, and gitget.dta, which includes installable package names and their relevant information. Figure 1 was created using a mined dataset, and the code for reproducing the figure can be accessed from https://github.com/haghish/github/blob/master/article_code.do.

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Developing,maintaining,and hosting Stata statistical software on GitHub

Abstract

Keywords

1 Introduction

1.1 Developing statistical software on GitHub

1.2 Hosting statistical software on GitHub

Technical note

1.3 Addressing the problem of unique filenames

2 The github command

2.1 Installation

2.2 Syntax

2.3 Searching Stata repositories

2.4 Installing GitHub repositories

Technical note

Package dependencies

2.5 Handling installed packages

Technical note

3 github for developers

3.1 Ensuring unique filenames

3.2 Building package installation files

3.3 Example of building a Stata package

Technical note

4 Discussion

Footnotes

5 Programs and supplemental materials

Notes

A Appendix

References