Abstract
In Belfast, Northern Ireland, annual bonfires and parades operate as political and cultural capital claims over a contested city.
Keywords
Six years ago, I started a project about two annual events in Belfast, Northern Ireland: the Loyalist bonfires of Eleventh Night and the Orange Order parades of The Twelfth. During the two controversial holidays, the (typically) Protestant Unionist or Loyalists, committed to Northern Ireland’s place in the United Kingdom, build massive bonfires and parade through city streets. Loyalists describe the events as “family friendly” cultural activities, but in doing so, they ignore the events’ roles as expressions of Protestant political power. Given ongoing conflict between the Loyalists and the (typically) Catholic Republicans (who desire a politically united Ireland), the holiday activities operate as claims over the contested city of Belfast.
While the political nature of the parades is somewhat buried in historical references on banners and the often unspoken lyrics to the flute band songs of The Twelfth, the bonfires are unambiguously political. Viewers need not know that the stacked pallet-and-tire bonfires are references to a centuries old Protestant victory over Catholics to know there are political and religious stakes to these conflagrations. In most communities, political allegiances are boldly proclaimed, whether by flying the nearly ubiquitous Union Flag or in burning the Irish Republic’s Tricolor, Sinn Féin election posters, and even Irish soccer team jerseys.
The Loyalist bonfires of Eleventh Night and the Orange Order parades of The Twelfth operate as claims over the contested city of Belfast.
The partisan nature of the bonfires was even clearer this year. Support for the Brexit and disparagement of the European Union abounded, and local political developments related to the bonfires were also referenced. The most direct local example was the burning of election posters for SDLP Councillor Claire Hanna, who champions an effort to rein in the bonfires.
But there was also counterbalancing: Belfast City Council is attempting to facilitate a transition to a new Eleventh Night model by offering financial incentives to burn wood chip beacons rather than flags and tires in recognition of the historical victory. And the bonfire and parade events appear to be changing. Many bonfires I saw in 2016 were more subdued than the ones I’d photographed in 2012, numerous participants seemed more interested in spectacle than politics, and the city felt less tense than it had in recent years. The Police Service Northern Ireland was out in full force, but it wasn’t needed in the typical way—even on The Twelfth’s parade routes, where I have witnessed riots in years prior.
The main Shankill bonfire a few minutes after lighting.
Britain’s recent vote to leave the European Union was celebrated on the Tigers Bay bonfire. The Ulster Defense Association‘s shield is displayed above the “Brexit” sign.
A boy sports a Union Jack haircut.
Another child poses for a picture before helping ignite a bonfire.
While the Union Jack and Ulster Banner will be removed before the bonfire is lit, the Sinn Féin election posters will not.
Four bonfires photographed in 2016.
Belfast’s extended twilight makes for some spectacular scenes. This children’s bonfire is dressed with two Irish tricolors, the European Union flag, the Isis flag, and a jersey from the Celtic Football Club.
A shower of embers from the Shankill bonfire.
Despite boarding up windows and doors to protect houses from the Shankill bonfire’s spectacular embers, the roof of a nearby row house ignited, destroying multiple units. This is the moment the first roof collapsed.
Young band members visit the smoldering remains of the Shankill bonfire before parading through the city. The damaged row houses are in the background.
A band marches past the Clifton Street Orange Hall.
Some watch the parade, others participate.
Residents protest a parade route that skirts a Catholic neighborhood.
Cleaning up the after the bonfires requires multiple work crews operating over several days. This team is taking a first pass at a site near the city center.
An exceptionally large bonfire towers over a derelict lot on Lanark Way.
