Metformin inhibits mitochondrial dysfunction and apoptosis in cardiomyocytes induced by high glucose via upregulating AMPK activity

Abstract

Abnormal mitochondrial functions are a major pathophysiological basis of diabetic cardiomyopathy. 5′ AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) is involved in mitochondrial dynamics. As an activator of AMPK, this study examined the effect of metformin on cardiomyocytes treated with high glucose. Primary cardiomyocytes isolated from neonatal rat ventricles were exposed to a high glucose concentration (33 mM) to establish a model of high-glucose injury with or without metformin (2 mM) treatment. AMPK activity was inhibited or activated by CC (20 µM) or AICAR (50 µM). CCK-8 and TUNEL assays were used to assess cell viability and apoptosis, respectively. A JC-1 assay was used to measure the mitochondrial membrane potential, and MitoSOX™ staining was used to examine mitoROS. Mito-Tracker Green-stained mitochondria were visualized by confocal microscopy to assess mitochondrial fission. Furthermore, we measured the expression levels of AMPK-mediated mitochondrial dynein and apoptotic proteins by western blotting. Our results showed that AMPK activity was significantly decreased in cardiomyocytes under the high-glucose condition, which was accompanied by increased mitochondrial fragmentation and aggravated mitochondrial dysfunction. The mitochondrial membrane potential was decreased and oxidative stress was increased, leading to apoptosis. Activation of AMPK by either metformin or AICAR reversed myocardial mitochondrial dysfunction and inhibited apoptosis under high glucose. Furthermore, inhibition of AMPK activity abrogated the protective effect of metformin against high glucose–induced mitochondrial dysfunction and apoptosis in cardiomyocytes. Our study demonstrates that metformin protects cardiomyocytes from high glucose–induced mitochondrial fragmentation and apoptosis by activating AMPK.