Prostate Cancer (CaP) is rapidly becoming a worldwide health issue. While CaP
mortality has decreased in recent years, coincident with the widespread use of
Prostate-Specific Antigen (PSA) screening, it remains the most common solid
tumor in men and is the second leading cause of cancer death in the United
States. The frequency of CaP is growing not only in western cultures, but also
its incidence is dramatically increasing in eastern nations. Recently,
examination of data from long-term trials and follow up has cast a shadow on the
effectiveness of employing PSA as a primary screening tool for CaP. In this
review, we not only summarize opinions from this examination and synthesize
recommendations from several groups that suggest strategies for utilizing PSA as
a tool, but also call for research into biomarkers for CaP diagnosis and disease
progression. We also describe our recent work that identified a smooth muscle
contractile protein in prostate epithelia, namely smooth muscle gamma actin, and
indicate the potential for this molecule as a new unique footprint and as a CaP
marker.
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