An emerging schema for classifying previously disparate phenomena relating to disasters and victims is presented, and its rationale given. It was borne of necessity after the 1979 DC 10 crash on Mt. Erebus in Antarctica, when reports of previous research studies of different kinds of disasters were found to be widely scattered conceptually and graphically, and it was modified in the light of further experience. It is presented with the hope that other researchers and clinicians might find it helpful as they try to draw fragments together of the wider picture of humanity in situations of catastrophe.
Get full access to this article
View all access options for this article.
References
1.
Asken, M.J. (1993). Fire psychology: Post-call visits to victims. Firehouse, June, p. 100.
2.
Baker, A.W. & Chapman, D.W. (Eds.). (1962). Man and Society in disaster . New York: Basic Books.
3.
Barton, A. (1969). Communities in disaster: A sociological analysis of collective stress. Garden City, NY: Doubleday.
4.
Beinin, L. (1985). Medical consequences of natural disasters. Berlin: Springer Verlag.
5.
Berah, E.F., Jones, H.J., & Valent, P. (1984). The experience of a mental health team involved in the early phase of a disaster. Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 18, 354-358.
6.
Britton, N.R. (1986). Developing an understanding of disaster. Australia & New Zealand Journal of Sociology, 22, 2, 265-271.
7.
Bromet, E., Parkinson, D., Schulberg, H.C., Dunn, L., & Gondek, P.C. (1980). Three Mile Island: Mental health findings. Washington DC: National Institute of Mental Health .
8.
Carr, L.J. (1932). Disaster and the sequence-pattern concept of social change. American Journal of Sociology, 38, 2, 207-218.
9.
Collins, D.L., Baum, A., & Singer, J.L. (1983). Coping with chronic stress at Three Mile Island: Psychological and biochemical evidence. Health Psychology , 2, 149-166.
10.
DHA News: 1993 in review. (1994). Special edition, 7.
11.
Disasters Working Party. (1991). Disasters: Planning for a caring response. London: HMSO.
12.
Doherty, G.W. (1998). From the field: A sample of disaster mental health services for Hurricane Georges in Mayaguez, Puerto Rico . Traumatologye5,1, Article 1, http://www.fsu.edu/∼trauma/
13.
Drabek, T. (1986). An inventory of sociological findings. New York: Springer Verlag.
14.
Erikson, K. (1994). A new species of trouble: Explorations in disaster, trauma, and community. New York: Norton.
15.
Ford, J.D. (1999). Acute psychological intervention following traumatic stressors: Empirical findings. Disaster Mental Health Conference, Laramie. WY. February. Paper presentation.
16.
Gavalya, A.S. (1987). Reactions to the 1985 Mexican earthquake: Case vignettes. Hospital & Community Psychiatry, 38, 12, 1327-1330.
17.
Geering, L.G. (1994). Tomorrow's God. Wellington : Bridget Williams.
18.
Gist, R. & Woodall, S.J. (1998). Social Science versus social movements: The origins and natural history of debriefing. Australasian Journal of Disaster & Trauma Studieshttp://www.massey.ac.nz/∼trauma/issues/1998-1/gist1.htm Retrieved 1/6/98.
19.
Glass, A. (1969). Introduction. In P.G.Bourne. (Ed.). The psychology and physiology of stress: With reference to special studies of the Vietnam War. (Pp. xiv-xx). New York: Academic Press.
20.
Granot, H. (1998). The dark side of growth and industrial disasters since the Second World War. Disaster Prevention &Management , 7, 3, 195-204.
21.
Higgins, R. (1978). The seventh enemy: The human factor in the global crisis. London: Hodder & Stoughton .
22.
Hoehling, A.A. (1973). Disaster: Major American catastrophes. New York: Hawkins.
23.
Kilijanek, T., & Drabek, T. (1979). Assessing long-term impacts of a natural disaster: Focus on the elderly. Gerontologist, Dec 6, 555-566.
24.
Kingston, J., & Lambert, D. (1980). Catastrophe and crisis. London : Hamlyn.
25.
Kruppa, I. (1991). Perpetrators suffer trauma too. Psychologist, 4, 401-403.
26.
Le Petit Robert. (1981). Paris: Societe du Nouveau Hithe.
27.
Lennane, K.J. (1993). 'Whistleblowing': A health issue. British MedicalJournal, 307. 667-670.
28.
Lystad, M. (1985). Innovation in mental health services to disaster victims. Rockville MD: National Institute of Mental Health.
29.
Martel. C. (1999). Emergency measures: Psychosocial intervention . Paper presented to Disaster Mental Health Conference , Laramie WY. February 11.
30.
McKibben, B. (1990). The end of nature. London: Viking.
31.
Milne, G. (1979). Cyclone Tracy: Psychological and social consequences . In J.Reid. (Ed.). Planning for people in natural disaster. (pp.116-123). Queensland: University Press.
32.
Mitchell, J.T., & Everly, G.S. (1993). Critical incident stress debriefing: An operation manual for the prevention of traumatic stress among emergency service and disaster workers. Ellicott City MD: Chevron.
33.
Moran, C.C. (1998). Individual debriefing and debriefing effectiveness . Australasian Journal of Disaster & Trauma Studieshttp://www.massey.ac.nz/∼trauma/issues/1998-1/moran1.htm Retrieved 1/6/98. New shorter Oxford dictionary on historical principles . (1993). 2 vols. Oxford: Clarendon Press. Oxford English dictionary. (1928). Oxford: Clarendon Press.
34.
Palachios, A., Cueli, J., Camacho, J., Cleriga, R., Cuevas, P., Ayal, J., & Cossoff, L. (1993). The traumatic effect of mass communication in the Mexico City earthquake: Crisis intervention and preventive measures. International Review of Psychoanalysis, 13, 279-293.
35.
Palinkas, L.A. & Petterson, J.S. (1990). Social and psychological impacts of the Exxon Valdez oil spill. Paper presented at the American Association for the Advancement of Science, Anchorage. Pp. 31.
36.
Paton, D. (1992). International disasters: Issues in the management and preparation of relief workers. Disaster Management, 4, 4, 183-190.
37.
Paton, D. & Long, N. (Eds.). (1996). Psychological aspects of disasters . Palmerston North: Dunmore. Perkes, D. (1976). Eye witness to disaster. New York: Hammond.
38.
Raftery, J. (1998). Special focus on treatment. Newsletter of the Australasian Society for Traumatic StressStudies, December, 3-6.
39.
Raphael, B. (1986). When disaster strikes: A handbook for the caring professions. London: Hutchinson .
40.
Robinson, R.C., & Mitchell, J.T. (1993). Evaluation of psychological debriefings. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 6, 367-382.
41.
Rose, S., & Bisson, J. (1998). Brief early psychological interventions following trauma: A systematic review of the literature. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 11, 4, 697-710.
42.
Schachner, N. (1962). The medieval universities. New York: Barnes.
43.
Smith, P.O., & Suda, K.T. (1999). Mowrer's Two Factor model: Applications to disaster mental health services. Disaster Mental Health Conference , Laramie. WY. February. Paper presentation.
44.
Stengel, E. (1959). Classification of mental disorders. Bulletin of WHO, 21, 601.
45.
Stewart, Col. B. (1993). Broken lives: A personal view of the Bosnian conflict . London: Harper Collins.
46.
Taylor, A.J.W. (1984). Socioticism: A new concept to encompass one of the ultimate tragedies. Recent Developments in World Seismology , 1, 18-24.
47.
Taylor, A.J.W. (1987). A taxonomy of disasters and their victims. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 31, 4, 535-544.
48.
Taylor, A.J.W. (1989). Disasters and disaster stress. New York: AMS Press.
49.
Taylor, A.J.W. (1990). A pattern of disasters and victims. Disasters: The Journal of Disaster Studies &Management, 14,4, 291-300.
50.
Taylor, A.J.W. (1991). Individual and group behavior in extreme situations and environments. In R. Gal & A.D. Mangelsdorff. (Eds.). Handbook of military psychology. (Pp. 491-505). New York: Wiley .
51.
Taylor, A.J.W. (1992). Research questions arising from the 1989 student protest in Beijing. In J.Westerink. (Ed.). Critical incident stress management across the life-span. Conference Proceedings. (Pp. 159-159). P.O. Box 79, Turramurra, NSW, AUSTRALIA.
52.
Taylor, A.J.W. (1998). Observations from a cyclone stress/trauma assignment in the Cook Islands. TRAUMATOLOGYehttp://www.fsu.edu./∼trauma/ Vol.4, Isssue 1, Article 3. Retrieved 30 November 1998.
53.
Taylor, A.J.W. & Frazer, A.G. (1981). Psychological sequelae of Operation Overdue following the DC 10 aircrash in Antarctica. Wellington, NZ: Victoria University. Pp. 72.
54.
Taylor, A.J.W. & Frazer, A.G. (1982). The stress of post-disaster body handling and victim identification work. Journal of Human Stress, 8, 4, 4-12.
55.
Williams, E. (1993). Essential elements in the production of appropriate contracts. Disaster Recovery Planning Conference Papers. Auckland: AIC Conferences . Pp. 7.
56.
World Disaster Report1994. (1995). Geneva: International Federation of Red Cross & Red Crescent Societies.
57.
World Disaster Report1998. (1998). Oxford University Press: International Federation of Red Cross & Red Crescent Societies.
58.
Young, B.H., Ford, J.D., Ruze, J.I., Friedman, M.J., & Gusman, F.D. (1998). Disaster mental health services: A guidebook for clinicians and administrators. White River Junction: VER. Department of veterans Affairs