The purpose of this article is to review the content of existing social— emotional learning programs in the American K-12 curriculum and the relationship between the school-based programs and the needs of the American workplace. Social and emotional learning (SEL) programs were examined for their content and compared to research on critical emotional intelligence skills for the workplace. Emotional intelligence literature was reviewed, as was the SEL literature. The two literatures were compared to identify gaps so that practitioners of human resource development have a basis on which to consider important areas for training programs in emotional intelligence.
Ashkanasy, N.M., & Daus, C. (2002). Emotion in the workplace: The new challenge for managers. Academy of Management Executive, 16(1), 76-86.
2.
Averill, J. (2000). Intelligence, emotion, and creativity. In R. Bar-On & J.D.A. Parker (Eds.), The handbook of emotional intelligence (pp. 277- 298). San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
3.
Bar-On, R. (1997). The Emotional Intelligence Inventory (EQ-I): Technical manual. Toronto: Multi-Health Systems .
4.
Bar-On, R. (2000). Emotional and social intelligence. Insights from the Emotional Quotient Inventory. In R. Bar-On & J.D.A. Parker (Eds.), The handbook of emotional intelligence (pp. 363-387). San Francisco : Jossey-Bass.
5.
Barchard, K.A. (2003). Does emotional intelligence assist in the prediction of academic success?Educational and Psychological Measurement , 63(5), 840-858.
6.
Barling, J., Slater, F., & Kelloway, E.K. (2000). Transformational leadership and emotional intelligence: An exploratory study. Leadership & Organization Development Journal, 21(3), 157-161.
7.
Bennis, W. (1989). On becoming a leader. New York : Simon & Schuster.
8.
Boyatzis, R. (1982). The competent manager. New York: Wiley & Sons.
9.
Boyatzis, R., Goleman, D., & Rhee, K. (2000). Clustering competence in emotional intelligence: Insights from the emotional competence inventory. In R. Bar-On & J.D.A. Parker (Eds.), The handbook of emotional intelligence (pp. 343—362). San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
10.
Brown, J.L., Roderick, T., Lantier, L., & Aber, J.L. (2004). The resolving conflict creatively program: A school-based social and emotional learning program. In J. E. Zins, R. P. Weissberg, M. C. Wang, & H. J. Walberg (Eds.), Building academic success on social and emotional learning (pp. 151-169). New York: Teacher's College Press.
11.
Bunch, K. (2007). Training failure as a consequence of organizational culture. Human Resource Development Review, 6(2), 142-164.
12.
Cherniss, C., & Adler, M. (2000). Promoting emotional intelligence in organizations . Alexandria, VA: ASTD.
13.
Cherniss, C., & Goleman, D. (2006). From school to work. Social—emotional learning as the vital connection. In M. J. Elias & H. Arnold (Eds.), Emotional intelligence and academic achievement (pp. 58-61). Thousand Oaks, CA: Corwin Press.
14.
Church, A.H. (1997). Managerial self-awareness in high-performing individuals in organizations. Journal of Applied Psychology, 82, 281-292.
15.
Clarke, N. (2006). Emotional intelligence training: A case of caveat emptor. Human Resource Development Review,5(4), 422-441.
16.
Elias, M. (2004).Strategies to infuse social and emotional learning into academics. In J. E. Zins, R. P. Weissberg, M. C. Wang , & H. J. Walberg (Eds.), Building academic success on social and emotional learning (pp. 113-134). New York: Teacher's College Press.
17.
Fleming, C.B., Haggerty, K.P., Catalano, R.F., Harachi, T.W., Mazza, J.J., & Gruman, D.H. (2005). Do social and behavioral characteristics targeted by preventive interventions predict standardized test scores and grades?Journal of School Health, 75(9) 342-349.
18.
Fleming, J.E., & Bay, M. (2004). Social and emotional learning in teacher preparation standards. In J. E. Zins, R. P. Weissberg, M. C. Wang , & H. J. Walberg (Eds.), Building academic success on social and emotional learning (pp. 94-110). New York: Teacher's College Press.
19.
Fox, S., & Spector, P.E. (2000). Relations of emotional intelligence, practical knowledge, general intelligence, and trait affectivity with interview outcomes: It's not all just “G.”Journal of Organisational Behavior, 21, 203-220.
20.
Gardner, L., & Stough, C. (2002). Examining the relationship between leadership and emotional intelligence in senior level managers. Leadership & Organization Development Journal, 23, 68-78.
21.
Greenberg, M., Kusche, C., & Riggs, N. (2004). The PATHS curriculum: Theory and research on neurocognitive development and school success. In J. E. Zins , R. P. Weissberg, M. C. Wang, & H. J. Walberg (Eds.), Building academic success on social and emotional learning (pp. 170-188). New York: Teacher's College Press.
22.
Gumora, G., & Arsenio, W.F. (2002). Emotionality, emotion regulation, and school performance in middle school children. Journal of School Psychology, 40(5), 395-413.
23.
Goleman, D. (1995). Emotional intelligence. New York: Bantam Books.
24.
Goleman, D. (1998). Working with emotional intelligence. New York: Bantam.
25.
Goleman, D. (2001). An EI-based theory of performance. In C. Cherniss & D. Goleman (Eds.), The emotionally intelligent workplace. How to select for, measure, and improve emotional intelligence in individuals, groups, and organizations (pp. 27-44). San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
26.
Haddad, Y., & Samarneh, M. (1999). Principals' interpersonal orientations and their relationships to teachers' perceptions, feelings, and job satisfaction with school—work climate. Dirasat: EducationalSciences, 26(1), 202-222.
27.
Haggerty, K., & Cummings, C. (2006). Raising healthy children. In M. J. Elias & H. Arnold (Eds.), Emotional intelligence and academic achievement . Thousand Oaks, CA: Corwin Press .
28.
Hawkins, J.D., Smith, B.H., & Catalano, R.F. (2004). Social development and social and emotional learning. In J. E. Zins , R. P. Weissberg, M. C. Wang, & H. J. Walberg (Eds.), Building academic success on social and emotional learning (pp. 135-151). New York: Teacher's College Press.
29.
Isen, A.M. (2001). An influence of positive affect on decision making in complex situations: Theoretical issues with practical implications. Journal of Consumer Psychology, 11(2), 75-85.
30.
Johnson, D., & Johnson, R. (2004). The three C's of promoting social and emotional learning. In J. E. Zins, R. P. Weissberg, M. C. Wang , & H. J. Walberg (Eds.), Building academic success on social and emotional learning (pp. 40-58). New York: Teacher's College Press.
31.
Jordan, P.J., Ashkanasy, N.M., & Hartel, C.E.J. (2002). Emotional intelligence as a moderator of emotional and behavioral reactions to job insecurity. Academy of Management Review, 27(3), 361-372.
32.
Kellett, J.B., Humphrey, R.H., & Sleeth, R.G. (2002). Empathy and complex task performance: Two routes to leadership. Leadership Quarterly, 13(5), 523-544.
33.
Kusche, C., & Greenberg, M. (2006). Brain development and social-emotional learning . In M. J. Elias & H. Arnold (Eds.), The educator's guide to emotional intelligence and academic achievement (pp. 15-34). Thousand Oaks, CA: Corwin Press.
34.
Linares, L.O., Rosbruch, N., Stern, M.B., Edwards, M.E., Walker, G., Abikoff, H.B., & Alvir, J.M. (2005). Developing cognitive—social—emotional competencies to enhance academic learning. Psychology in the Schools, 42(4), 405-417.
35.
Long, T.J., & Schultz, E.W. (1973). Empathy: A quality of an effective group leader . Psychological Reports, 32, 699-705.
36.
Lopes, P., & Salovey, P. (2004).Toward a broader education: Social, emotional, and practical skills. In J. E. Zins, R. P. Weissberg, M. C. Wang , & H. J. Walberg (Eds.), Building academic success on social and emotional learning (pp. 76-93). New York: Teacher's College Press.
37.
Lopes, P.N., Brackett, M.A., Nezlek, J.B., Schutz, A., Sellin, I., & Salovey, P. (2004). Emotional intelligence and social interaction . Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 30(8), 1018-1034.
38.
Lusch, R.F., & Serpkenci, R. (1990). Personal differences, job tension, job outcomes, and store performance: A study of retail managers. Journal of Marketing,54(1), 85-101.
39.
Matthews, G., Zeidner, M., & Roberts, R. (2002). Emotional intelligence: Science and myth?Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
40.
Mayer, J., & Salovey, P. (1997). What is emotional intelligence? In P. Salovey & D. J. Sluyter (Eds.), Emotional development and emotional intelligence (pp. 3-31). New York: Basic Books.
41.
Mayer, J.D., Salovey, P.R., & Caruso, D.R. (2000). Emotional intelligence as Zeitgeist, as personality, and as a mental ability. In R. Bar-On & J. D. A. Parker (Eds.), The handbook of emotional intelligence (pp. 92-117). San Francisco : Jossey-Bass.
Megerian, L.E., & Sosik, J.J. (1996). An affair of the heart: Emotional intelligence and transformational leadership. The Journal of LeadershipStudies, 3(3), 31-48.
44.
Mittal, V., & Ross, W.A. (1998). The impact of positive and negative affect and issue framing on issue interpretation and risk taking. Organizational Behavior & Human Decision Processes, 76(3), 298-324.
45.
Mobley, W. (1977). Intermediate linkages in the relationship between job satisfaction and employee turnover. Journal of Applied Psychology, 62(2), 237-240.
46.
Ng, T., & Feldman, D. (2007). The school-to-work transition: A role identity perspective. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 71(1), 114-134.
47.
Opengart, R. (2003). Women managers: Learning about emotional expression in the workplace. PhD dissertation, The University of Georgia , Athens.
48.
Opengart, R. (2005). Emotional intelligence and emotion work: Examining constructs from an interdisciplinary framework. Human Resource Development Review, 4(1), 49-63.
49.
Payton, J., Wardlaw, D., Graczyk, P., Bloodworth, M., Tompsett, C., & Weissberg, R. (2000). Social and emotional learning: A framework for promoting mental health and reducing risk behavior in children and youth. Journal of School Health, 70(5), 179-185.
50.
Pilling, B., & Eroglu, S. (1994). An empirical examination of the impact of salesperson empathy and professionalism and merchandise salability on retail buyers' evaluations . Journal of Personal Selling and Sales Management, 14(1), 55-58.
51.
Rosete, D., & Ciarrochi, J. (2005). Emotional intelligence and its relationship to workplace performance outcomes of leadership effectiveness. Leadership & Organization Development Journal, 26(5/6), 388-400.
Salovey, P., & Sluyter, D. J. (Eds.). (1997). Emotional development and emotional intelligence: Educational implications. New York: Basic Books.
54.
Shipper, F., & Dillard, J.E. (1994, August). Comparing the managerial skills of early derailers vs. fast trackers, late derailers vs. long-term fast trackers, and mid-career derailers vs. “recoverers.”Paper presented at the meeting of the Academy of Management, Dallas, TX.
55.
Sivanathan, N., & Fekken, G.C. (2002). Emotional intelligence and transformational leadership . Leadership & Organization Development Journal, 23, 198-204.
56.
Sosik, J.J., & Megerian, L.E. (1999). Understanding leader emotional intelligence and performance. Group & Organization Management , 24(3), 367-390.
57.
Staw, B.M., & Barsade, S.G. (1993). Affect and managerial performance: A test of the sadderbut-wiser vs. happier-and-smarter hypotheses. Administrative Science Quarterly,38(2), 304-331.
58.
Weisinger, H., Weisinger, H.D., & Williams, S. (1998). Emotional intelligence at work: The untapped edge for success. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.
59.
Wolff, S.B., Pescosolido, A.T., & Druskat, V.U. (2002). Emotional intelligence as the basis of leadership emergence in self-managing teams. Leadership Quarterly, 13(5) 505-522.
60.
Zeidner, M., Matthews, G., & Roberts, R. (2004). Emotional intelligence in the workplace: A critical review. Applied Psychology, 53(3), 371-399.
