The purpose oF this study was to examine the eFFects oF 3 behavioral interventions on aFFect and mood in nursing home residents with Alzheimer's disease. In a pre—post design, 90 residents with Alzheimer's disease were randomized to 3 groups: supervised walking, comprehensive exercise (walking plus strength training, balance, and Flexibility exercises), and social conversation (casual rather than therapeutic themes). Interventions were provided 5 days a week and progressed up to 30 minutes per session over 16 weeks. Interventions were conducted primarily indoors. Outcome measures included the Lawton Observed AFFect Scale, Alzheimer Mood Scale, and Dementia Mood Assessment. At posttest, participants receiving comprehensive exercise exhibited higher positive and lower negative aFFect and mood. The social conversation group exhibited the least positive and most negative mood and aFFect. Results suggest that exercise programs be emphasized in long-term care, particularly whole-body involvement rather than walking alone.
Singh NA, Clements KM, Fiatarone MAA randomized controlled trial oF progressive resistance training in depressed elders. J Gerontol: Med Sci.1997;52A: M27-M35.
2.
Hendryx-Bedalov P.Alzheimer's dementia coping with communication decline. J Gerontol Nurs.2000;26: 20-24.
3.
Guerrero LK, Andersen PA, Trost MRCommunication and emotion: basic concepts. In: Andersen PA, Guerrero L, eds. Handbook of Communication and Emotion: Research, Theory, Applications and Context. San Diego, CA: Academic Press; 1998:5-29.
4.
American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. 4th ed, text revision. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association;2000.
5.
Mega M., Cummings J., Fiorelli T., Gornbein, J.The spectrum oF behavioral changes in Alzheimer's disease. Am J Neurol.1996;46:130-135.
6.
Schreiner AS , Yamamoto E., Shiotani H.Positive aFFect among nursing home residents with Alzheimer's dementia. Aging Ment Health. 2005;9:129-134.
7.
Teri L., Logsdon RG, Uomoto J., McCurry SMBehavioral treatment oF depression in dementia patients: a controlled clinical trial. J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Social Sci.1997;52:P159-P166.
8.
Strawbridge WJ, Deleger S., Roberts RE, Kaplan GAPhysical activity reduces the risk oF subsequent depression in older adults. Am J Epidemiol.2002;150: 328-334.
9.
Laurin D., Verreault R., Lindsay J., MacPherson K., Rockwood K.Physical activity and risk oF cognitive impairment and dementia in elderly persons. Arch Neurol.2001;58:498-504.
10.
Mather AS, Rodriguez C., Guthrie MP, et al. EFFects oF exercise on depressive symptoms in older adults with poorly responsive depressive disorder. Br J Psychiatry. 2000;180:411-415.
11.
Pennix BW, Rejeski WJ, Pandya J., et al. Exercise and depressive symptoms: A comparison oF aerobic and resistance exercise in older persons with high and low depressive symptomatology . J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci.2002;57B:P124-P132.
12.
Bartholomew JB, Morrison D., Ciccole JTEFFects oF acute exercise in mood and well-being in patients with major depressive disorder. Med Sci Sports Exerc.2005;37:2032-2037.
13.
Folstein MF , Folstein SE, McHugh P. “Mini-Mental State”: a practical method For grading the cognitive state oF patients For the clinician. J Psychiatr Res.1975;12:189-198.
14.
Hamilton M.Development oF a rating scale For primary depressive illness. Br J Soc Clin Psychol. 1967;6: 278-296.
15.
Beck AT, Ward CH, Mendelson M., Mock J., Erbaugh J.An inventory For measuring depression. Arch Gen Psychol. 1961;4:561-571.
16.
RadloFF LSThe CES-D scale: a selF-report depression scale For research in the general population. Appl Psychol Meas.1977;1:385-401.
17.
McNair DM, Lorr M., Dropplemann LFManual for the Profile of Mood States. San Diego, CA: EdITS/ Educational and Industrial Testing Service;1992.
18.
McAuley EK, Courneya S.The subjective exercise experiences scale (SEES): development and preliminary validation. J Sports Exerc Psychol.1994;16:163-177.
19.
Fiatarone MA, O'Neill EF, Ryan ND, et al. Exercise training and nutritional supplementation For physical Frailty in very elderly people. N Engl J Med. 1994;330: 1769-1775.
20.
Teri L., Gibbons LE, McCurry SM, et al. Exercise plus behavioral management in patients with Alzheimer disease: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA.2003;290: 2015-2022.
21.
MacRae PG, Asplund LA, Schnelle JF, et al. A walking program For nursing home residents: eFFects on walk endurance, physical activity, mobility, and quality oF liFe. J Am Geriatr Soc.1996;44:175-180.
22.
Molloy DW, Beerschoten DA, Barrie MJ, Crilly RG, Cape RDAcute eFFects oF exercise on neuropsychological Function in elderly subjects . J Am Geriatr Soc.1988;36:29-33.
23.
Blazer D.The Robert W. Kleemeier Award Lecture. Paper presented at: The Gerontological Society oF America's 59th Annual ScientiFic Meeting “Education and the Gerontological Imagination”; November 18, 2006 ; Dallas, TX.
24.
McKhann G., Drachmann D., Folstein M., et al. Clinical diagnosis oF Alzheimer's disease: report oF the NINCDS-ADRDA work group under the auspices oF Department oF Health and Human Resources Task Force on Alzheimer's disease. Neurology. 1984;34:949-955.
25.
Lawton MP, Van Haitsma K, Klapper J.Observed aFFect in nursing home residents with Alzheimer's disease. J Gerontol B, Psychol Sci SocSci.1996;51B:3-14.
26.
Sunderland T., Alterman I., Yount D., et al. A new scale For the assessment oF depressed mood in demented patients. Am J Psychiatry.1988;145:955-959.
27.
Tappen RM, Williams C.Alzheimer's Mood Scale: validity and reliability. Abstract presented at: 1999 Gerontological Society oF America 52nd annual scientiFic meeting; November 20, 1999; San Francisco, CA.
28.
Montgomery SA, Asberg M.A new depression scale designed to be sensitive to change. Br J Psychiatry. 1979;13:382-389.
29.
Loewenstein D., Duara R, Arguelles T, Arguelles S. Use oF the Fuld Object Memory Evaluation in the detection oF mild dementia among Spanish speaking and English speaking groups. Am J Geriatr Psychol. 1995;3:300-307.
30.
Loewenstein DA, Prineas R., Demirovic J., Arguelles T., Stitt F., Ban J.Objective Functional perFormance in AFrican-American, Cuban-American & English-speaking non-Hispanic elderly residing in the community. Journal of Mental Health andAging. 1998;4:59-68.
31.
Cole B., Finch E., Gowland C., Mayo N.Physical Rehabilitation Outcome Measures. Toronto, Ontario , Canada: Physiotherapy Association in cooperation with Health and WelFare Canada and the Canada Communication Group-Publishing, Supply and Services; 1994.
32.
Tappen R., Roach K., Buchner D., Barry C., Edelstein J.Reliability oF physical perFormance measures in nursing home residents with Alzheimer's disease. J GerontolMed.1997;52A:M52-M55.
33.
Bartels SJ, Clark RE, Peacock WJ, Dums AR, Pratt SIMedicare and Medicaid costs For schizophrenia patients by age cohort compared with costs For depression, dementia, and medically ill patients. Am Assoc Geriatr Psychol.2003;11:648-657.
