Ethnographic approaches to the study of sport and physical culture have developed primarily within physical education and kinesiology programs and are typically framed in dialogue with sociological theorizing of agency, structure, power, and inequality. Beginning with reference to anthropology and sociology, we review the emergence, development, and subsequent transdisciplinary travels of ethnographic study of sport and physical culture. In doing so, we underscore the importance of theory, context, and disciplinary tradition in the development of sporting ethnographies. We then critically outline the place of ethnography in physical cultural studies (PCS). Rather than exhuming existing debates about the originality and uniqueness of the PCS enterprise, we highlight the need to decenter the hyper-reflexive researcher and advocate for the consideration of pleasure in ethnographic studies to achieve the interventionist goals PCS protagonists set themselves.
AlterJ. (1992). The wrestler’s body: Identity and ideology in North India. Berkeley: University of California Press.
2.
AndrewsD. L. (2008). Kinesiology’s inconvenient truth and the physical cultural studies imperative. Quest, 60, 45-62.
3.
AndrewsD. L.SilkM.FrancombeJ.BushA. (2013). McKinesiology. Review of Education, Pedagogy, & Cultural Studies, 35, 335-356.
4.
ApostolouM. (2015). The athlete and the spectator inside the man: A cross-cultural investigation of the evolutionary origins of athletic behavior. Cross-Cultural Research, 49, 151-173.
5.
ArchettiE. (1999). Masculinities: Football, polo and the tango in Argentina. Oxford, UK: Berg.
6.
ArmstrongG. (1998). Football hooligans: Knowing the score. Oxford, UK: Berg.
7.
ArmstrongG.HarrisR. (1991). Football hooligans: Theory and evidence. Sociological Review, 39, 427-45
8.
AtkinsonM. (2009). Parkour, environmentalism and poiesis. Journal of Sport and Social Issues, 33, 164-194.
9.
AtkinsonM. (2011). Physical cultural studies [redux]. Sociology of Sport Journal, 28, 135-144.
10.
AtkinsonM. (2012). The empirical strikes back doing realist ethnography. In YoungK.AtkinsonM. (Eds.), Qualitative research on sport and physical culture (pp. 23-49). London, England: Emerald.
11.
AtkinsonM. (2014). The Terrier [men]. Sociology of Sport Journal, 31, 420-437.
12.
AtkinsonM.GibsonK. (2014). Communion without collision: Animals, sport and interspecies co-presence. In GilbertM.GillettJ. (Eds.), Sport, animals and society (pp. 268-290). London, England: Routledge.
13.
AtkinsonM.GibsonK. (2017). Power and power relations. In SilkM. L.AndrewsD. L.ThorpeH. (Eds.), Routledge handbook of physical culture studies (pp. 24-31). London, England: Routledge.
14.
BealB. (1995). Disqualifying the official: Exploring social resistance through the subculture of skateboarding. Sociology of Sport Journal, 12, 252-267.
15.
BirrellS. (1981). Sport as ritual: Interpretations from Durkheim to Goffman. Social Forces, 60, 354-376.
16.
BlanchardK. (1995). The anthropology of sport: An introduction. London, England: Bergin & Garvey.
17.
BolinA. (1992). Flex appeal, food and fat: Competitive bodybuilding, gender, and diet. Play & Culture, 5, 378-400.
18.
BolinA. (2003). Beauty or the beast the subversive soma. In BolinA.GranskogJ. (Eds.), Athletic intruders: Ethnographic research on women, culture, and exercise (pp. 107-130). Albany: State University of New York Press.
19.
BolinA.GranskogJ. (2003). Athletic intruders: Ethnographic research on women, culture, and exercise. Albany: State University of New York Press.
20.
BoyleL. (2005). Flexing the tensions of female muscularity: How female bodybuilders negotiate normative femininity in competitive bodybuilding. Women’s Studies Quarterly, 33, 134-149.
21.
BoyleR. (1994). We are Celtic supporters . . . : Questions of football and identity in modern Scotland. In GiulianottiR.WilliamsJ. (Eds.), Game without frontiers (pp. 72-102). Aldershot, UK: Arena.
22.
BrownellS. (1995). Training the body for China: Sports in the moral order of the People’s Republic. Chicago, IL: The University of Chicago Press.
23.
BundsK. S. (2014). The biopolitics of privilege: Negotiating class, masculinity and relationships. Cultural Studies ↔ Critical Methodologies, 14, 517-525.
24.
BundsK. S. (2016). On the messiness of activism from the inside: Global water charities, organizational ethnography, and the politics of change. Review of Education, Pedagogy, & Cultural Studies, 38, 236-259.
25.
CarringtonB.AndrewsD. L. (2013). Sport as escape, struggle, and art. In CarringtonB.AndrewsD. L. (Eds.), A companion to sport (pp. 1-16). London, England: Wiley-Blackwell.
26.
ChannonA.JenningsG. (2014). Exploring embodiment through martial arts and combat sports: A review of empirical research. Sport in Society, 17, 773-789.
27.
ClarkeJ. (1976). The skinheads and the magical recovery of community. In HallS.JeffersonT. (Eds.), Resistance through rituals: Youth subcultures in post-war Britain (pp. 99-102). London, England: Hutchinson.
28.
ClelandJ. (2015). A sociology of football in a global context. London, England: Routledge.
29.
CliffordJ. (1988). The predicament of culture. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
30.
CliftB. C. (2014). Suspect of smiles: Struggle, compassion, and running to reclaim the body in urban Baltimore. Cultural Studies ↔ Critical Methodologies, 14, 496-505.
CrossleyN. (2006). In the gym: Motives, meanings and moral careers. Body & Society, 12, 23-50.
33.
DarnellS. (2007). Playing with “race”: Right to play and the production of whiteness in “development” through sport. Sport in Society, 10, 560-579.
34.
DarnellS. (2014). Orientalism through sport: Towards a Said-ian analysis of imperialism and “sport for development and peace.”Sport in Society, 17, 1000-1014.
35.
DeanerR. O.SmithB. A. (2013). Sex difference in sports across 50 societies. Cross-Cultural Research, 47, 268-309.
36.
DeLucaJ. (2013). Submersed in social segregation: The (re)production of social capital through swim club membership. Journal of Sport & Social Issues, 37, 340-363.
DonnellyM. (2014). Drinking with the derby girls: Exploring the hidden ethnography in research of women’s flat track roller derby. International Review for the Sociology of Sport, 49, 346-366.
39.
DonnellyP. (1985). Sport subcultures. Exercise and Sport Science Reviews, 13, 539-578.
40.
DonnellyP.YoungK. (1988). The construction and confirmation of identity in sport subcultures. Sociology of Sport Journal, 5, 197-211.
41.
DunningE. (1999). Sport matters. London: Routledge.
42.
DunningE.RojekC. (Eds) (1992). Sport and Leisure in the Civilizing Process: Critique and Counter-Critique. London: Palgrave.
43.
DunnC.HughsonJ. (2016). Ethnography in sport-related research: Influences, continuities, possibilities. In MolnarG.PurdyL. (Eds.), Ethnographies in sport and exercise research (pp. 11-25). London, England: Routledge.
44.
DworkinS. (2001). “Holding back”: Negotiating and glass ceiling on women’s muscular strength. Sociological Perspectives, 44, 333-350.
45.
DworkinS. (2003). A woman’s place is in the . . . cardiovascular room?? Gender relations, the body, and the gym. In BolinA.GranskogJ. (Eds.), Athletic intruders: Ethnographic research on women, culture, and exercise (pp. 131-158). Albany: State University of New York Press.
46.
DyckN. (2012). Fields of play: An ethnography of children’s sports. Toronto, Ontario, Canada: University of Toronto Press.
FaulknerR. (1974a). Coming of age in organizations: A comparative study of career contingencies and adult socialization. Sociology of Work & Occupations, 1, 131-173.
49.
FaulknerR. (1974b). Making violence by doing work: Selves situations and the world of professional hockey. Sociology of Work & Occupations, 1, 288-312.
50.
FineG. A. (1987). With the boys: Little league baseball and preadolescent culture. Chicago, IL: The University of Chicago Press.
51.
FisherL. A. (1997). Building one’s self up: Bodybuilding and the construction of identity among professional female bodybuilders. In MooreP. L. (Ed.), Building bodies (pp. 135-161). New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press.
52.
FlanaganM. K. (2014). Sporting a skort: The biopolitics of materiality. Cultural Studies ↔ Critical Methodologies, 14, 506-516.
53.
FletcherT. (2014). ‘Does he look like a Paki’: An exploration of ‘whiteness’ positionality and reflexivity in inter-racial sports research. Qualitative Research in Sport, Exercise and Health, 6, 244-260.
54.
FoxR. (1961). Pueblo baseball: A new use for old magic. Journal of American Folklore, 74, 9-16.
55.
FrancombeJ.RichE.De PianL. (2014). I move like you . . . But different: Biopolitics and embodied methodologies. Cultural Studies ↔ Critical Methodologies, 14, 471-482.
56.
FrankenburgR. (1957). Village on the border: A social study of religion, politics, and football in a North Wales community. Long Grove, IL: Waveland Press.
57.
FurstR. T. (1974). Boxing stereotypes versus the cultures of the professional boxer: A sociological decision. Sport Sociology Bulletin, 3, 13-39.
58.
GameA.MetcalfeA. W. (1996). Passionate sociology. London, England: Sage.
59.
GeertzC. (1973). Deep play: Notes on the Balinese cockfight. In GeertzC. (Ed.), The interpretation of cultures (pp. 412-453), New York, NY: Basic Books.
60.
GiardinaM. D.NewmanJ. I. (2011). What is this “physical” in physical cultural studies?Sociology of Sport Journal, 28, 36-63.
61.
GibsonK. (2012). Knight’s Children: Techno-science, consumerism and running shoes. Qualitative Research in Sport, Exercise and Health, 4, 341-361.
62.
GibsonK. (2014). ‘More than murder: Ethics and hunting in New Zealand.’ Sociology of Sport Journal, 31, 455-474.
63.
GiulianottiR. (1995). Participant observation and research into football hooliganism: Reflections on the problems on entrée and everyday risks. Sociology of Sport Journal, 9, 207-219.
64.
GiulianottiR. (1996). Back to the future: An ethnography of Ireland’s football fans at the 1994 World Cup finals in the USA. International Review for the Sociology of Sport, 31, 323-344.
65.
GiulianottiR. (2002). Supporters, followers, fans, and flaneurs: A taxonomy spectator identities in football. Journal of Sport & Social Issues, 26, 25-46.
GmelchG. (2001). Inside pitch: Life in professional baseball. Lincoln, NE: Bison Books.
68.
GmelchG. (2006). Baseball without borders: The international pastime. Lincoln, NE: Bison Books.
69.
GoodgerB. C.GoodgerJ. M. (1977). Judo in the light of theory and sociological research. International Review for Sport Sociology, 12, 5-34.
70.
GouldnerA. (1975). For sociology: Renewal and critique in sociology today. London, England: Pelican Books.
71.
GraingerA. (2011). Fear and (self-)loathing in academia. Cultural Studies ↔ Critical Methodologies, 11, 558-564.
72.
GuthrieS.CastelnuovoS. (1992). Elite women bodybuilders: Models of resistance or compliance. Play & Culture, 5401-5408.
73.
HargreavesJ.McDonaldI. (2000). Cultural studies and the sociology of sport. In CoakleyJ.DunningE. (Eds.), Handbook of sports studies (pp. 48-60). London, England: Sage.
74.
HenricksT. (1974). Professional wrestling as moral order. Sociological Inquiry, 44, 177-188.
75.
HeywoodL. (1998). Bodymakers: A cultural anatomy of women’s body building. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press.
76.
HollandsR. (1984). The role of cultural studies and social criticism in the sociological study of sports. Quest, 36, 66-79.
77.
HoweP. D. (2004). Sport, professionalism, and pain: Ethnographies of injury and risk. London, England: Routledge.
78.
HoweP. D. (2008). The cultural politics of the Paralympic movement: Through the anthropological lens. London, England: Routledge.
79.
HughsonJ. (1998). Among the thugs: The “new ethnographies” of football supporting subcultures. International Review for the Sociology of Sport, 33, 43-57.
80.
InghamA. G. (1997). Toward a department of physical cultural studies and an end to tribal warfare. In Fernandez-BalboaJ. (Ed.), Critical postmodernism in human movement, physical education, and sport (pp. 157-182). Albany: State University of New York Press.
81.
KellyW. (1998). Blood and guts in Japanese professional baseball. In LinhardS.FruhstuckS. (Eds.), The culture of Japan as seen through its leisure (pp. 95-111). Albany: State University of New York Press.
82.
KellyW. (Ed.). (2004). Fanning the flames: Fans and consumer culture in contemporary Japan. Albany: State University of New York Press.
83.
King-WhiteR. (2013). I am not a scientist: Being honest with oneself and the researched in critical interventionist research. Sociology of Sport Journal, 30, 296-322.
84.
King-WhiteR. (2017). Ethnographic approaches. In SilkM. L.AndrewsD. L.ThorpeH. (Eds.), Routledge handbook of physical culture studies (pp. 484-494). London, England: Routledge.
85.
KleinA. (1991). Sugarball: The American game, the Dominican dream. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
86.
KleinA. (1997). Baseball on the border: A tale of two Laredos. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
87.
KleinA. (2006). Growing the game: Globalization and major league baseball. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
88.
KleinA. (2009). The transnational view of sport and social development: The case of Dominican baseball. Sport in Society, 12, 1118-1132.
89.
KleinA. (2014). Anthropology of sport. In MaguireJ. (Ed.), Social sciences in sport (pp. 71-90). Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics.
90.
KleinA. M. (1993). Little big men: Bodybuilding subculture and gender construction. Albany: State University of New York Press.
91.
LaurendeauJ. (2011). “If you’re reading this it’s because I’ve died”: Masculinity and relational risk in BASE jumping. Sociology of Sport Journal, 28, 404-420.
92.
LolandN. (2000). The art of concealment in a culture of display: Aerobicizing women’s and men’s experience and use of their own bodies. Sociology of Sport Journal, 17, 111-129.
93.
LoweM. (1998). Women of steel: Female bodybuilders and the struggle for self-definition. New York, NY: New York University Press.
94.
LynchM. (2000). Against reflexivity as an academic virtue and source of privileged knowledge. Theory, Culture & Society, 17, 26-54.
95.
MacNeillM. (1996). Networks: Producing Olympic ice hockey for a national television audience. Sociology of Sport Journal, 13, 103-124.
96.
MaddoxC. (2015). Studying at the source: Ashtanga yoga, tourism and the search for authenticity in Mysore, India. Journal of Tourism and Cultural Change, 13, 330-343.
97.
MaguireJ. (2004). Challenging the sports-industrial complex: Human sciences. Advocacy and Service, European Physical Education Review, 10, 299-321.
98.
MaguireJ. S. (2004). Fit for consumption: Sociology and the business of fitness. London, England: Routledge.
99.
MalcolmD. (2012). Sport and sociology. London, England: Routledge.
100.
MarkulaP. (2016). Finding the field: Ethnographic research in exercise settings. In MolnarG.PurdyL. (Eds.), Ethnographies in sport and exercise research (pp. 29-44). London, England: Routledge.
101.
MassengaleJ. (1974). Coaching as an occupational subculture. Phi Delta Kappan, 56, 140-142.
102.
McKenzieS. (2013). Getting physical: The rise of fitness culture in America. Lawrence: University Press of Kansas.
103.
MennellS. (2006). The Contribution of Eric Dunning to the Sociology of Sport: The Foundations. Sport in Society, 9, 514-532.
104.
MennellS. (2015). Norbert Elias: sociological amnesia and “the most important thinker you have never heard of” In LawA.Royal LybeckE. (Eds.) Sociological Amnesia: Cross-currents in Disciplinary History (pp. 197–210). Farnham: Ashgate.
105.
MidolN.BroyerG. (1995). Towards an anthropological study of new sport cultures: The case of whiz sports in France. Sociology of Sport Journal, 12, 204-212.
106.
MonaghanL. F. (2014). “Postmodern” muscle: The embodied pleasures of vibrant physicality. In MonaghanL. F.AtkinsonM. (Eds.), Challenging myths of masculinity: Understanding physical cultures (pp. 15-38). Farnham, UK: Ashgate.
107.
NevilleR. D.GormanC.FlanaganS.DimancheF. (2015). Negotiating fitness, from consumption to virtuous production. Sociology of Sport Journal, 32, 284-311.
108.
NewmanJ. (2011). [Un]Comfortable in my own skin: Articulation, reflexivity and the duality of self. Cultural Studies ↔ Critical Methodologies, 11, 545-557.
109.
NewmanJ. (2013). This pain in my neck: Living conscientization and/as paradox of praxis. Qualitative Inquiry, 19, 247-260.
110.
OliveR.ThorpeH. (2011). Negotiating the “f-word” in the field: Doing feminist ethnography in action sports cultures. Sociology of Sport Journal, 28, 421-440.
111.
ParaschackV. (1997). Variations in race relations: Sporting events and native peoples in Canada. Sociology of Sport Journal, 14, 1-21.
112.
ParvianinenJ. (2011). The standardization process of movement in the fitness industry: The experience design of Les Mills choreographies. European Journal of Cultural Studies, 14, 526-541.
113.
PerezL. (1994). Between baseball and bullfighting: The quest for Cuban nationalism. Journal of American History, 81, 493-517.
PringleR.RinehartR. E.CaudwellJ. (2015). Sport and the social significance of pleasure. New York, NY: Routledge.
117.
PringleR.ThorpeH. (2017). Theory and reflexivity. In SilkM. L.AndrewsD. L.ThorpeH. (Eds.), Routledge handbook of physical culture studies (pp. 32-41). London, England: Routledge.
118.
ProbertA.PalmerF.LebermanS. (2007). The fine line: An insight into “risky” practices of male and female competitive bodybuilders. Annals of Leisure Research, 10, 272-290.
119.
ProngerB. (2002). Body fascism. Toronto, Ontario, Canada: University of Toronto Press.
120.
PrusR. (1999). Beyond the Power Mystique: Power as an intersubjective accomplishment. Albany, NY: SUNY
121.
RanaJ. (2014). Producing health citizens: Encouraging participation in ladies-only kickboxing. Etnofoor, 26, 33-48.
122.
RichardsonL. (1994). Writing: A method of inquiry. In DenzinN.LincolnY. (Eds.), Handbook of qualitative research. London, England: Sage.
123.
RichardsonN. (2012). What is the “practice” of bodybuilding? In LocksA.RichardsonN. (Eds.), Critical readings in bodybuilding. New York, NY: Routledge.
124.
RobertsJ. M.ArthM. J.BushR. R. (1959). Games in culture. American Anthropologist, 61, 597-605.
125.
RobsonG. (2000). No-one likes us, we don’t care: The myth and reality of Millwall Fandom. Oxford, UK: Berg.
126.
SageG. H. (1997). Physical education, sociology, and sociology of sport: Points of intersection. Sociology of Sport Journal, 14, 317-339.
127.
SamieS. F. (2013). Hetero-sexy self/body work and basketball: The invisible sporting women of British Pakistani Muslim heritage. South Asian Popular Culture, 11, 257-270.
128.
SassatelliR. (2010). Fitness culture: Gyms and the commercialization of discipline and fun. Basingstoke, UK: Palgrave Macmillan.
129.
SehlikogluS. (2016). Exercising in comfort: Islamicate culture of Mahremiyet in everyday life. Journal of Middle East Women’s Studies, 12, 143-165.
130.
SehlikogluS.KarakasF. (2016). We can have the cake and eat it too: Leisure and spirituality at “veiled” hotels in Turkey. Leisure Studies, 35, 157-169.
131.
SerazioM. (2013). The elementary forms of sports fandom: A Durkheimian exploration of team myths, kinship, and totemic rituals. Communication and Sport, 1, 303-325.
132.
SheardK.DunningE. (1973). The rugby football club as a type of male preserve: Some sociological notes. International Review of Sport Sociology, 8, 5-24.
133.
ShillingC.BunsellT. (2009). The female bodybuilder as a gender outlaw. Qualitative Research in Sport and Exercise, 1, 141-159.
134.
SilkM. L. (2001). Together we’re one? The “place” of the nation in media representations of the 1998 Kuala Lumpur Commonwealth games. Sociology of Sport Journal, 18, 277-301.
135.
SilkM. L. (2002). Bangsa Malaysia: Global sport, the city & the refurbishment of local identities. Media Culture & Society, 24, 775-794.
136.
SilkM. L. (2005). Sporting ethnography: Philosophy, methodology and reflection. In AndrewsD.MasonD.SilkM. (Eds.), Qualitative methods in sports studies (pp. 65-103). New York, NY: Berg.
SilkM. L.FrancombeJ.AndrewsD. L. (2014). Slowing the social sciences of sport: On the possibilities of physical culture. Sport in Society, 17, 1266-1289.
139.
SpaajiR.AndersonA. (2010). Psychosocial influences on children’s identification with sports teams: A case study of Australian rules football supporters. Journal of Sociology, 46, 299-315.
140.
SparkesA. C. (2002a). Fictional representations: On difference, choice, and risk. Sociology of Sport Journal, 19, 1-24.
141.
SparkesA. C. (2002b). Telling tales in sport & physical activity: A qualitative journey. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics.
142.
SparkesA. C. (2007). Embodiment, academics, and the audit culture: A story seeking consideration. Qualitative Research, 7, 521-550.
143.
SpielvogelL. (2003). Working out in Japan: Shaping the female body in Tokyo fitness clubs. Durham: Duke University Press.
144.
StebbinsR. (2009). Personal decisions in the public square: Beyond problem solving to a positive sociology. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Publishers.
145.
SugdenJ. (1987). The exploitation of disadvantage the occupational sub-culture of the boxer. In HorneJ.JaryD.TomlinsonA. (Eds.), Sport, leisure and social relations (pp. 187-209). London, England: Routledge.
146.
SugdenJ. (1996). Boxing and society: An international analysis. Manchester, UK: Manchester University Press.
147.
SwansonL. (2009). Soccer fields of cultural reproduction. Sociology of Sport Journal, 26, 404-424.
148.
ThorpeH. (2011). Snowboarding bodies in theory and practice. Basingstoke, UK: Palgrave Macmillan.
149.
ThorpeH. (2014). Moving bodies beyond the social/biological divide: Toward theoretical and transdisciplinary adventures. Sport, Education and Society, 19, 666-686.
150.
ThorpeH.OliveR.BealB.BoothD.LaurendeauJ.PalmerC.. . . WheatonB. (2016). Looking back, moving forward? Reflections from early action sport researchers. In ThorpeH.OliveR. (Eds.), Women in action sport cultures: Identity, politics and experience (pp. 23-44). London, England: Palgrave Macmillan.
151.
Van MannenJ. (2001). Tales from the field: On writing ethnography. Chicago, IL: The University of Chicago Press.
152.
VazE.ThomasD. (1974). What price victory: An analysis of minor hockey players’ attitudes towards winning. International Review of Sport Sociology, 9, 33-53.
153.
VertinskyP.WeedonG. (2017). Historicizing physical cultural studies. In SilkM.AndrewsD.ThorpeH. (Eds.) Routledge Handbook of Physical Cultural Studies (pp.15-23). London: Routledge.
154.
WacquantL. J. (1995). Pugs at work: bodily capital and bodily labour among professional boxers. Body & Society, 1, 65-93.
155.
WacquantL. J. (2004). Body and Soul: Notebooks of an apprentice boxer. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
156.
WaltonT. A.FisetteJ. L. (2013). “Who are you?” Exploring adolescent girls’ process of identification. Sociology of Sport Journal, 30, 197-122.
157.
WaringA. (2008). Health club use and “lifestyle”: Exploring the boundaries between leisure and work. Leisure Studies, 27, 295-309.
158.
WeedonG. (2015). Camaradirie reincorporated: Tough Mudder and the extended distribution of the social. Journal of Sport and Social Issues, 39, 431-545.
159.
WellardI. (2013). Sport, fun and enjoyment. London, England: Routledge.
160.
WheatonB. (2000). “Just do it”: Consumption, commitment and identity in the windsurfing subculture. Sociology of Sport Journal, 17, 254-274.
161.
WheatonB. (2013). Introducing the consumption and representation of lifestyle sports. In WheatonB. (Ed.), The consumption and representation of lifestyle sports (pp. 1-25). London: Routledge.
162.
WheatonB. (2017). Subcultural formations and lifestyle sporting practices. In SilkM. L.AndrewsD. L.ThorpeH. (Eds.), Routledge handbook of physical culture studies (pp. 102-110). London, England: Routledge.
163.
WhiteR.SilkM.AndrewsD. (2008). Revisiting the networked production of the 2003 little league world series: Narrative of American innocence. International Journal of Media & Cultural Politics, 4, 183-202.
164.
WiestA. L.AndrewsD. L.GiardinaM. D. (2015). Training the body for healthism: Reifying vitality in and through the clinical gaze of the neoliberal fitness club. Review of Education, Pedagogy, & Cultural Studies, 37, 21-40.
165.
WilliamsJ. (1994). Rangers is a black club: “Race,” identity and local football in England. In GiulianottiR.WilliamsJ. (Eds.), Game without frontiers (pp. 153-183). Aldershot, UK: Arena.
166.
WilliamsJ.DunningE.MurphyP. (1984). Hooligans abroad: The behaviour and control of English fans in continental Europe. Leicester, UK: Leicester University Press.
