The creation and maintenance of hemoaccess occupies a significant portion of most vascular and general surgery practices. In this article, the methods used to detect hemoaccess at risk for failure and the endovascular and surgical techniques used to prolong or restore their patency are reviewed. Also, the management of hemoaccess infection, aneurysmal degeneration, false aneurysm formation, and symptomatic arterial steal syndrome are described.
1. Schwab SJ, Harrington JT, Singh A, et al: Vascular access for hemodialysis. Kidney Int55(5):2078-2090, 1999.
2.
2. Wilson MW: Dialysis access interventions. In: Laberge JM ed. Interventional Radiology Essentials. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. 401-413, 2000.
3.
3. Besarb A, Sullivan KL, Ross RP, Moritz MJ: Utility of intra-access pressure monitoring in detecting and correcting venous outflow stenoses prior to thrombosis. Kidney Int47:1364-1373, 1995.
4.
4. Schwab SJ, Raymond JR, Saeed M, et al: Prevention of hemodialysis fistula thrombosis. Early detection of venous stenosis. Kidney Int36:707-711, 1989.
5.
5. Knudson GJ, Wiedmeyer DA, Erickson SJ, et al: Color Doppler sonographic imaging in the assessment of upper extremity deep venous thrombosis. Am J Roentgenol154:399-403, 1990.
6.
6. Krysl J, Kumpe DA: Failing and failed hemodialysis access sites: management with percutaneous catheter methods. Semin Vasc Surg10:175-183, 1997.
7.
7. Kanterman RY, Vesely TM, Pilgram TK, et al: Dialysis access grafts: anatomic location of venous stenosis and results of angioplasty. Radiology195:135-139, 1995.
8.
8. Fukasawa M, Matsushita K, Araki I, et al: Self-reversed parallel wire balloon technique for dilating unyielding strictures in native dialysis fistulas. J Vasc Interv Radiol13: 943-945, 2002.
9.
9. Kolakowski S, Dougherty MJ, Calligaro KD: Salvaging prosthetic dialysis fistulas with stents: forearm versus upper arm grafts. J Vasc Surg38:719-723, 2003.
10.
10. Funaki B, Szymski GX, Leef JA, et al: Wallstent deployment to salvage dialysis graft thrombolysis complicated by venous rupture: early and intermediate results. AJR Am J Roentgenol169(5):1435-1437, 1997.
11.
11. Dubner S, Weinbaum FI: Salvage of upper arm access grafts by extension to the infraclavicular axillary vein. Am J Surg153:407-408, 1987.
12.
12. Hingorani A, Ascher E, Kallakuri S, et al. Impact of reintervention for failing upper-extremity arteliovenous autogenous access for hemodialysis. J Vasc Surg34:1004-1009, 2001.
13.
13. Vorwerk D, Guenther RW, Mann H, et al: Venous stenosis and occlusion in heniodialysis shunts: follow up results of stent placement in 65 patients, Radiology195:140-146, 1995.
14.
14. Veselly TM, Hovsepian DM, Pilgram TK, et al: Upper extremity central venous obstruction in hemodialysis patients: treatment with Wallstents. Radiology204:343-348, 1997.
15.
15. Abud O, Batista-Miranda JE, Vila A: Jugular-axillary vein bypass for salvage of arteriovenous fistula in subclavian vein stenosis: report of two cases. Clin Nephrol38:58-59, 1992.
16.
16. Ferrari JE: Surgical treatment of hemodialysis-related central venous stenosis or occlusion: Anothei option to maintain vascular access. J Vasc Sirg37:1043-1046, 2003.
17.
17. El-Sabrout RA, Duncan JM: Right atrial bypass grafting for central venous obstruction associated with dialysis access: another treatment option. J Vasc Surg29:472-478, 1999.
18.
18. McCutcheon B., Weatherford D, Maxwell G. et al: A preliminary investigation of balloon angioplasty versus surgical treatment of thrombosed dialysis access grafts. Am Surg69:663-667, 2003.
19.
19. Marston WA, Criado E, Jacques PF, et al: Prospective randomized comparison of surgical versus endovascular management of thrombosed dialysis access grafts. J Vasc Surg26:373-381, 1997.
20.
20. Green LD, Lee DS, Kucey DS: A metaanalysis comparing surgical thrombectomy, mechanical thrombectomy, and pharmacomechanical thrombolysis for thrombosed dialysis grafts. J Vasc Surg36:939-945, 2002.
21.
21. Valji K, Bookstein J, Roberts A, et al: Pulse-spray phairmacomechanical thrombolysis of thrombosed hemodialysis access grafts: long term experience and comparison of original and current techniques. AJR164:1495-1500, 1995.
22.
22. Bone GE, Pomajzi MJ: Management of dialysis fistula thrombosis. Am J Surg138:901-906, 1979.
23.
23. Tokars JI, Miller ER, Stein G: New national surveillance system for hemodialysis-associated infections: initial results. Am J Infect Control30:288-295, 2002.
24.
24. Hoen B, Paul-Dauphin A, Ilestin D, Kessler M: EPIBACDIAL: a multicenter prospective study of risk factors for bacteremia in chronic hemodialvsis pacients. J Am Soc Nephrol9:869-876, 1998.
25.
25. Minga TE, Flanagan KH, Allon M: Clinical consequences of infected aiteriovennus grafts in hemodialysis patients. Am J Kidney Dis38:975-978, 2001.
26.
26. Ryan SV, Calligaro KD, Scharff J, Dougherty MJ: Management of infected prosthetic dialysis arteriovenous grafts. J Vasc Surg39:73-78, 2004.
29. Ryan SV, Calligaro KD, Scharff J,Dougherty MJ: Management of infected prosthetic dialysis arteriovenous grafts. J Vasc Surg39:73-78, 2004.
30.
30. Gross GF, Hayes JF: PTFE graft arteriovenous fistulae for hemodialysis access. Am Surg45:748-749, 1979.
31.
31. Chen CY, Teoh MK: Graft rescue for haemodialysis arterio-venous grafts: is it worth doing and which factors predict a good outcome?J R Coll Surg Edinb43:248-250, 1998.
32.
32. Vogel KM, Martino MA, O'Brien SP, et al: Complications of lower extremity arteriovenous grafts in patients with end-stage renal disease. South Med J93:593-595, 2000.
33.
33. Trubel W. Staudacher M, Magometschnigg H, et al: Aneurysma spuriumn after iatrogenic arterial puncture-incidence, risk factors and surgical therapy. Wien Klin Wochenschr105:139-143, 1993.
34.
34. Roberts SR, Main D, Pinkerton J: Surgical therapy of femoral artery pseudoaneurysm after angiography. Am J Surg154:676-680F, 1987.
35.
35. Lenz BJ, Veldenz HC, Dennis JW, et al: A three-year follow-up on standard versus thin wall ePTFE grafts for hemodialysis. J Vasc Surg28:464-470, 1998.
36.
36. Fellmeth BD, Roberts AC, Bookstein JJ, et al: Postangiographic femoral artery injuries: nonsurgical repair with US-guided compression. Radiology1 78:671-675, 1991.
37.
37. Witz M, Werner M, Bernheim J, Shnaker A, et al: Ultrasound-guided compression repair of pseutdoaneurysms complicating a forearm dialysis arteriovenous fistula. Nephrol Dial Transplant15:1453-1454, 2000.
38.
38. Kang SS, Labropoulos N, Mansour MA, et al: Percutaneous ultrasound guided thrombin injection: a new method for treating postcatheterization femoral pseudoaneurysms. J Vasc Suig27:1032-1038, 1998.
39.
39. Kang SS, Labropoulos N, Mansour MA, et al: Expanded indications for ultrasound-guided thrombin injection of pseudoaneurysms. J Vasc Surg31:289-298, 2000.
40.
40. Pope M, Johnston KW: Anaphylaxis after thrombin injection of a femoral pseudoaneurysm: recommendations for prevention. J Vasc Surg32:190-191, 2000.
41.
41. Selbv JB Jr, Pruett TL, Westervelt FB Jr, et al: Treatment of hemodialysis fistula pseudoaneurysms with detachable balloons: technique and preliminary results. J Vasc lnterv Radiol3:505-51.0, 1992.
42.
42. Criado E, Marston WA, Ligush J, et al: Endovascular repair of peripheral aneurysms, pseudoaneurysms, and arteriovenoous fistulas. Ann Vasc Surg11:256-263, 1997.
43.
43. Ryan JM, Dumbleton SA, Doherty J, Smith TP. Technical innovation. Using a covered stent (Wallgraft) to treat pseudoaneurysnis of dialysis grafts and fistulas. AJR Am J Roentgenol180:1067-1071, 2003.
44.
44. Lin PH, Johnson CK, Pullium JK, et al. ITransluminal stent graft repair with Wallgraft endoprosthesis in a porcine arteriovenous graft pseudoaneurysm model. J Vasc Surg37:175-181, 2003.
46. Kwun KB, Schanzer H, Finkler N, et al: Hemodynamic evaluation for hemoaccess proceduies for hemodialysis. Vasc Surg13:170-177, 1970.
47.
47. Lazarides MK, Staramos DN, Panagopoulos GN, et al: Indications for surgical treatment of angio acces-induced arterial "steal". J Am Coll Suig187:422-426, 1998.
48.
48. Goff CD, Sato DT, Bloch PH, et al: Steal syndrome complicating hemodialysis access procedures: can it be predicted?Ann Vasc Surg14:138-144, 2000.
49.
49. Morsy AH, Kulbaski M, Chen C, et al: Incidence and characteristics of patients with hand ischemia after a hemodialysis access procedure. J Surg Res74:8-10. 1998.
50.
50. Wixon CL, Hughes JD, Mills ML: Understanding strategies for the treatment of ischemic steal svndrome after hemodialysis access. J Am Coll Surg191:301-310, 2000.
51.
51. Bermann SS, Gentile Al, Glickman MH, et al: Distal revascularization-interval ligation for limb salvage and maintenance of dialysis access in ischemic steal syndrome. J Vasc Surg26:393-402, 1997.
52.
52. Schanzei H, Schwartz M, Harrington E, et al: Ireatmet of ischemia due to steal by arteriovenous fistulas with distal arterial ligation and revascularization. J Vasc Surg7:770-773, 1988.
53.
53. Wilkin TD, Kraus MA, Lane KA, Trerotola SO: Internal jugular vein th-ombosis associated with hemodialysis catheters. Radiology228:697-700, 2003.
54.
54. Craim MR, Mewisseri MW, Ostrowski GJ, et al: Fibriio sleeve stripping for salvage of failing hemodialysis catheters: technique and initial results. Radiology198:41-44, 1996.
55.
55. Angle JF, Shilling AT, Schenk WJ, et al: Utility of percutaneous intervention in the management of tunneled hemodialysis catheters. Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol26:9-18, 2003.
