A pilot study among Latinos with intellectual disabilities (ID) was conducted. Focus groups and Photovoice methodology were employed to explore participants' health perceptions and beliefs. Three focus groups were conducted for a total of 15 participants. An additional member check focus group was conducted to verify results of the analysis. Photovoice methodology was employed with four Latinos with ID to explore health beliefs and perceptions of the influence of the social and physical environment. Participants' perceptions of health focused on social and mental aspects of health. Latinos with ID believed that social relationships are important to health. They believed in a connection among social, mental, and physical well-being and health. Cultural beliefs related to the role of God and traditional therapies were identified. Latinos with ID reported that they believed that health was influenced by behaviors and that diet and physical activity were beneficial, but this did not necessarily translate into regular practice.
Ashing-Giwa, K. (1999). Health behavior change models and their socio-cultural relevance for breast cancer screening in African-American women. Women's Health, 28(4), 53-71.
2.
Bailey, D., Skinner, D., Correa, V., Arcia, E., Reyes-Vlanes, M., Rodriguez, P., et al. (1999). Needs and supports reported by Latino families of young children with developmental disabilities. American Journal of Mental Retardation, 104, 437-451.
3.
Beange, H., McElduff, A., & Baker, W. (1995). Medical disorders of adults with mental retardation: A population study. American Journal of Mental Retardation , 99, 595-604.
4.
Bishop, L., & Corti, L. (2004). Using Atlas.ti to explore qualitative data. Retrieved November 5, 2005, from http://www.iassistdata.org/conferences/2004/presentations/W1_corti_bishop.doc
5.
Booth, T., & Booth, W. (2003). In the frame: Photovoice and mothers with learning difficulties. Disability & Society, 18(4), 431-442.
6.
Bowers, A. (1999, November). People with serious mental illnesses using Photovoice: Implications for participatory research and community education . Paper presented at the American Public Health Association annual meeting, Chicago.
7.
Bruininks, R., Hill, B., Weatherman, R., & Woodcock, R. (2004). Inventory for Client and Agency Planning (ICAP). Itasca, IL: Riverside.
8.
Cooper, S.A., Smiley, E., Morrison, J., Williamson, A., & Allan, L. (2007). Mental ill-health in adults with intellectual disabilities: Prevalence and associated factors. British Journal of Psychiatry, 190, 27-35.
9.
Crespo, C.J., Smit, E., Anderson, R.E., Carter-Pokras, O., & Ainsworth, B.E. (2000). Race/ethnicity, social class and their relation to physical inactivity during leisure time: Results from the third national health and nutrition examination survey, 1988-1994 . American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 18, 46-53.
10.
Draheim, C., Williams, D., & McCubbin, J. (2002). Physical activity, dietary intake, and the insulin resistance syndrome in non-diabetic adults with mental retardation. American Journal of Mental Retardation, 107(5), 361-375.
11.
Eisenberg, D., Kessler, R., Foster, C., Norlock, F., Calkins, D., & Delbanco, T. (1993). Unconventional medicine in the United States: Prevalence, costs, and patterns of use. New England Journal of Medicine, 328, 246-252.
12.
Ellis, J.W. (1992). Decisions by and for people with mental retardation: Balancing considerations of autonomy and protection. Villanova Law Review, 37, 1799-1809.
13.
Evenhuis, H., Hendersen, C., Beange, H., Lennox, N., & Chicoine, B. (2000). Healthy aging: Adults with intellectual disabilities: Physical health issues. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization.
14.
Fiese, B.H., & Bickman, N.L. (1998). Qualitative inquiry: An overview for pediatric psychology. Journal of Pediatric Psychology, 23(2), 79-86.
15.
Fisher, K. (2004). Health disparities and mental retardation. Journal of Nursing Scholarship, 36(1), 48-53.
16.
Frey, G.C., Buchanan, A.M., & Rosser Sandt, D.D. (2005). "I'd rather watch TV": An examination of physical activity in adults with mental retardation. Mental Retardation, 43(4), 241-254.
17.
Fujiura, G., Fitzsimons, N., & Marks, B. (1997). Predictors of BMI among adults with down syndrome: The social context of health promotion. Research on Developmental Disabilities, 18, 261-274.
18.
Fujiura, G., & Yamaki, K. (1997). Analysis of ethnic variations in developmental disability prevalence and household economics. Mental Retardation , 35, 286-294.
19.
Galea, J., Butler, J., Iacono, T., & Leighton, D. (2004). The assessment of sexual knowledge in people with intellectual disability. Journal of Intellectual and Developmental Disability, 29(4), 350-365.
20.
George, M., Green, L., & Daniel, M. (1996). Evolution and implications of participatory action research for public health. Promotion and Education, 3(4), 6-10.
21.
Gill, C., & Brown, A. (2002). Health and aging issues for women in their own voices. In P. Noonan Walsh & T. Heller (Eds.), Health of women with intellectual disabilities (pp. 139-153). Cambridge, MA: Blackwell.
22.
Green, L.W., & Kreuter, M.W. (1991). Health promotion planning: An educational and environmental approach (2nd ed.). New York: Mayfield.
23.
Harmon, M., Castro, F., & Coe, K. (1996). Acculturation and cervical cancer: Knowledge, beliefs, and behaviors of Hispanic women. Women & Health , 24(3), 37-57.
24.
Harris, M.I., Flegal, K.M., Cowie, C.C., Eberhardt, M.S., Goldstein, D.E., Little, R.R., et al. (1998). Prevalence of diabetes, impaired fasting glucose, and impaired glucose tolerance in U.S. Adults. The Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1988-1994. Diabetes Care, 21(4), 518-524.
25.
Heller, T., Markwardt, R., Rowitz, L., & Farber, B. (1994). Adaptation of Hispanic families to a member with mental retardation. American Journal of Mental Retardation , 99, 289-300.
26.
Horwitz, S., Kerker, B., Owens, P., & Zigler, E. (2000). The health status and needs of people with mental retardation. New Haven, CT: Yale University, School of Medicine and Special Olympics.
27.
Hurley, A.D., Folstein, M., & Lam, N. (2003). Patients with and without intellectual disability seeking outpatient psychiatric services: Diagnoses and prescribing pattern . Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 47(1), 39-50.
28.
Janicki, M., & Jacobsen, J. (1986). Generational trends in sensory, physical, and behavioral abilities among older mentally retarded persons. American Journal of Mental Deficiency, 90, 490-500.
29.
Janz, N., Champion, V., & Strecher, V. (2002). The health belief model. In K. Glanz, B. Rimer , & F. Lewis (Eds.), Health behavior and health education. Theory research and practice (3rd ed., pp. 45-66). San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
30.
Jurkowski, J.M. (2006). Nativity and cardiovascular disease screening practices. Journal of Immigrant and Minority Health, 8, 339-346.
31.
Jurkowski, J.M., & Johnson, T.P. (2005). Acculturation and cardiovascular disease screening practices among Mexican Americans living in Chicago. Ethnicity & Disease, 15(3), 411-417.
32.
Jurkowski, J.M., & Paul-Ward, A. (in press). Photovoice with vulnerable populations: Addressing disparities in health promotion among people with intellectual disabilities. Health Promotion Practice.
33.
Katz, J. (1972). Experimentation with human beings. New York: Russell Sage.
34.
Keppel, K., Pearcy, J., & Wagener, D. (2002). Trends in racial and ethnic-specific rates for the health status indicators: United States 1990-98 (Health People Statistics Notes No. 23). Hyattsville, MD: National Center for Health Statistics.
35.
Kitzinger, J. (1995). Qualitative research: Introducing focus groups . British Medical Journal, 311, 299-302.
36.
Krueger, R. (1998). Analyzing & reporting focus group results . Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
37.
Luckasson, R. (Ed.). (1992). Mental retardation, definition, classification and system of supports (9th ed.). Washington, DC: American Association on Mental Retardation.
38.
Marin, G., & Van Oss Marin, B. (1991). Research with Hispanic populations. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
39.
Masel, M.C., Rudkin, L.L., & Peek, M.K. (2006). Examining the role of acculturation in health behaviors of older Mexican Americans. American Journal of Health Behavior, 30, 684-699.
40.
Minkler, M., & Wallerstein, N. (2003). Introduction to community-based participatory research. In M. Minker & N. Wallerstein (Eds.), Community-based participatory research for health (pp. 1-26). San Francisco : Jossey-Bass.
Murray, C., & Greenberg, M.T. (2006). Examining the importance of social relationships and social contexts in the lives of children with high-incidence disabilities. Journal of Special Education , 39(4), 220-233.
43.
Pena, M., & Frehill, L. (1998). Latina religious practice: Analyzing cultural dimensions in measures of religiosity. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 37(4), 620-635.
44.
Rioux, M. (1997). Disability: The place of judgment in a world of fact. Journal of Intellectual Disabilities Research, 42(2), 122-130.
45.
Rogers, N., Hawkins, B., & Eklund, S. (1998). The nature of leisure in the lives of older adults with intellectual disability. Journal of Intellectual Disabilities Research, 42(2), 122-130.
46.
Rosenstock, I., Strecher, V., & Becker, M. (1988). Social learning theory and the health belief model . Health Education Quarterly, 15(2), 175-183.
47.
Ruef, M.B., & Turnbull, A.P. (2002). The perspectives of individuals with cognitive disabilities and/or autism on their lives and their problem behavior. Research and Practice for Persons with Severe Disabilities , 27(2), 125-140.
48.
Sample, P.L. (1996). Beginnings: Participatory action research and adults with developmental disabilities. Disability and Society , 11(3), 317-332.
49.
Seeman, T. (1996). Social ties and health: The benefits of social integration. Annals of Epidemiology, 6(5), 442-451.
50.
Slattery, M.L., Sweeney, C., Edwards, S., Herrick, J., Murtaugh, M., Baumgartner, K., et al. (2006). Physical activity patterns and obesity in Hispanic and non-Hispanic White women. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 38(1), 33-41.
51.
Strack, R., Magill, C., & McDonagh, K. (2004). Engaging youth through Photovoice. Health Promotion Practice, 5(1), 49-58.
52.
Strauss, A., & Corbin, J. (1990). Basics of qualitative research: Grounded theory procedures and techniques. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
53.
Strickler, H. (2001). Interaction between family violence and mental retardation. Mental Retardation, 39(6), 461-471.
54.
Sundquist, J., & Winkleby, M. (1999). Cardiovascular risk factors in Mexican-American adults: A transcultural analysis of NHANES III, 1988-1994. American Journal of Public Health, 89, 723-730.
55.
Sundquist, J., Winkleby, M., & Pudaric, S. (2001). Cardiovascular disease risk factors among older Black, Mexican-American, White women and men: An analysis of NHANES III, 1988-1994 . Journal of American Geriatric Society, 49, 109-116.
56.
Thompson, D. (2002). "Well, we've all got to get old haven't we?" Reflections of older people with intellectual disabilities on aging and change. Journal of Gerontological Social Work, 37(3-4), 7-23.
57.
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. ( 2000). Healthy People 2010: Understanding and improving health (2nd ed.). Washington, DC: Government Printing Office.
58.
U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission. ( 2004, October 20). Questions and answers about persons with intellectual disabilities in the workplace and the Americans with Disabilities Act. Retrieved March 31, 2006, from http://www.eeoc.gov/facts/intellectual_disabilities.html#N_5
59.
Wang, C. (2003). Using Photovoice as a participatory assessment and issue selection tool: A case study with the homeless in Ann Arbor. In M. Minkler & N. Wallerstein (Eds.), Community-based participatory research for health (pp. 180-196). San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
60.
Wang, C., Cash, J., & Powers, L. (2000). Who knows the streets as well as the homeless? Promoting personal and community action through Photovoice. Health Promotion Practice, 1(1), 81-89.
61.
Ward, K., & Trigler, J. (2001). Reflections on participatory action research with people who have developmental disabilities. Mental Retardation , 39(1), 57-59.
62.
Ware, J. (2004). Ascertaining the views of people with profound and multiple learning disabilities. British Journal of Learning Disabilities, 32, 175-179.
63.
Winkleby, M., Kraemer, H., Ahn, D., & Varady, A. (1998). Ethnic and socioeconomic differences in cardiovascular disease risk factors: Findings for women from the third national health and nutrition examination survey, 1998-1994. Journal of the American Medical Association, 280, 356-362.
64.
World Health Organization. (1946). Definition of health. Retrieved November 19, 2003, from http://who.int/about/definition/en/
65.
Yamaki, K. (2003). Trend of the body weight status among adults with intellectual disability in the community. Chicago: University of Illinois at Chicago, Department of Disability and Human Development .
