Substance abuse remains a global public health challenge with profound psychological, behavioral, and social consequences. While systematic and umbrella reviews have synthesized evidence across prevention, treatment, and policy domains, their growing number has led to fragmentation and limited coherence for practice and policy. This meta-umbrella systematic review consolidates findings from 26 umbrella reviews published over the past decade to identify prevailing research trends, assess intervention effectiveness, and inform practice and policy across diverse contexts. A systematic search of eight databases yielded umbrella reviews that synthesized multiple systematic reviews or meta-analyses, adhered to Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines, and focused on substance abuse prevention, treatment, or policy. The synthesis identified four overarching domains: (a) effectiveness of pharmacological, behavioral, and integrated interventions—with mixed evidence for community-based and digital approaches; (b) etiological pathways involving early adversity, trauma, and social marginalization; (c) cognitive, psychiatric, and social outcomes associated with substance use; and (d) methodological challenges including definitional inconsistencies and selective reporting. Policy and practice implications emphasize the importance of trauma-informed, culturally responsive, and interdisciplinary approaches, particularly for underserved and violence-affected populations. This synthesis underscores the need for cross-sector collaboration and global responsiveness to advance equitable and contextually relevant prevention and treatment strategies.
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