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Abstract

Trauma-informed care (TIC) is an approach to care emerging in research and in practice that involves addressing the needs of individuals with histories of trauma. The aim of this scoping review was to examine the current literature relating to TIC interventions used in pediatric mental health inpatient and residential settings. We sought to answer the following two research questions: (a) What are the TIC interventions used in pediatric inpatient and residential treatment mental healthcare settings and what are their components? and (b) What are the implementation goals and strategies used with these TIC interventions? We conducted this scoping review according to JBI (formerly Joanna Briggs Institute) methodology for scoping reviews. We included any primary study describing a TIC intervention that was implemented at a specific site which identified and described implementation strategies used. Of 1,571 identified citations and 54 full-text articles located by handsearching, 49 met the eligibility criteria and were included, representing 21 distinct TIC interventions. We present the reported aim, ingredients, mechanism, and delivery (AIMD) of TIC interventions as well as the implementation goals and strategies used, which varied in detail, ranging from very little information to more detailed descriptions. In the context of these findings, we emphasize the complexity of TIC and of TIC interventions, and the importance of identifying and clearly reporting TIC intervention goals, intervention details, and implementation strategies. We suggest applying intervention frameworks or reporting guidelines to support clear and comprehensive reporting, which would better facilitate replication and synthesis of published TIC interventions.

Keywords

cultural contexts treatment/intervention child abuse vicarious trauma

Background

Trauma-Informed Care

“Trauma-informed care” (TIC) is a philosophy that involves addressing the needs of individuals with histories of trauma, whether they are the ones seeking care, or providing care (Fallot & Harris, 2009). Generally agreed upon assumptions of TIC include the four R’s: Realizing the prevalence of trauma, Recognizing manifestations of trauma, Responding appropriately to trauma, and Resisting Re-traumatization. Additionally, many apply the seven principles of TIC: safety (physical and psychological), trustworthiness and transparency, peer support, collaboration and mutuality, empowerment, voice and choice, and cultural, historical, and gender considerations (e.g., Fallot & Harris, 2009; Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA), 2014). Yatchmenoff et al. (2017) reduce these principles to three common elements: safety, power, and self-worth. For an organization to be trauma-informed, the culture of the organization must reflect the above principles in every interpersonal contact, setting, and relationship, as perceived by both staff and consumers (Fallot & Harris, 2009). Furthermore, it is important that organizations consider every patient and staff member as though they may have trauma histories, an approach known as ‘universal precautions’ (Elliott et al., 2005; Harris & Fallot, 2001).

Trauma-Informed Care in Pediatric Mental Health Settings

Extensive research has linked childhood exposure to trauma and maltreatment with higher rates of physical and mental disorders and healthcare use (e.g., Chu, 2011; Cuijpers et al., 2011; Felitti, 2009; Felitti et al., 1998; Huffhines et al., 2016). A chart review of pediatric psychiatric inpatient hospitalizations was conducted over a 10-month period (Keeshin et al., 2014). The authors found that children and adolescents with a history of maltreatment were more likely to be diagnosed with multiple disorders than youth without a history of trauma (physical abuse adjusted odds ratio = 1.93, p < 0.001; sexual abuse adjusted odds ratio = 2.97; p < 0.001; Keeshin et al., 2014). These authors identified that physical and sexual abuse histories in patients were also independently associated with increased length of stay by 2.3 days (F(3, 1075) = 9.2, p < 0.001; Keeshin et al., 2014), all highlighting the need for trauma-informed services in pediatric mental health settings. Additionally, there may be unique factors to consider in addressing trauma in children and youth within pediatric-specific contexts, such as developmental considerations and relationships between youth and adult caregivers (Lowenthal, 2020).

We identified three recent reviews of TIC interventions (TICI) in pediatric mental health settings (Bailey et al., 2019; Bryson et al., 2017; Lowenthal, 2020). Bailey et al. (2019) systematically reviewed the empirical evidence for organization-wide TICI in out-of-home care published from 2002 to 2017. The authors identified three TICI across seven studies: Attachment Regulation and Competency framework (3 studies), Children and Residential Experiences programme (1 study), and The Sanctuary Model (3 studies) (Bailey et al., 2019).

Bryson et al. (2017) conducted a realist review of implementation strategies of organization-wide TICI in child and adolescent inpatient psychiatric and residential settings including literature from 2000 to 2015. Across 13 articles, they identified five primary factors relating to successful TIC implementation: (a) senior leadership prioritizing TIC, (b) aligning organizational policies and practices, formal and informal, with the principles of TIC, (c) listening to patients’ and families’ experiences, needs, and priorities, (d) supporting staff through training and providing ongoing supervision, coaching, and debriefing, and (e) reviewing data and outcome indicators to foster continuous improvement.

Finally, Lowenthal (2020) performed a scoping review to describe the characteristics of TIC implementation research in child and youth serving sectors. Consistent with the previous reviews, Lowenthal (2020) included only articles that reported results of the TIC implementation initiative. They included 54 articles published between 2004 and 2019, 17 of which were identified as psychiatric inpatient or residential treatment settings. Lowenthal (2020) classified implementation interventions as limited change initiatives (e.g., one-off training with little follow-up), moderate change initiatives (e.g., using a few different types of initiatives over a moderate period of time), and comprehensive change initiatives (e.g., using a multifaceted approach over longer periods of time to support changes in the organizational culture, structure, and policies). This review highlighted the lack of details available in the included studies pertaining to the actual TICI and their implementation strategies.

These three reviews provide preliminary evidence to support organizations wishing to implement TICI in pediatric mental health settings. Yet, the theoretical and practical aspects of TICI remain unclear, particularly as they relate to how TICI are implemented or operationalized in pediatric settings. Authors of these reviews limited their literature searches to articles which reported evaluative results (of the TICI and/or the implementation strategies), and none reported, in detail, the components of each of the TICI nor the implementation strategies used at each site. The most recent review by Lowenthal (2020) provided an overview of the methodological approaches used, geographical locations, and service sectors related to each intervention, however, lacked descriptive details pertaining to the TICI (i.e., what was the actual TIC intervention). The author classified the scope of the TICI implementation initiatives, yet did not clearly describe the criteria, nor the basis for the criteria, for the classification decisions. Furthermore, the article did not include a comprehensive summary of the implementation strategies used within each study.

Research Questions

Within this review, we sought to answer the following research questions: What are the TICI used in pediatric inpatient and residential treatment mental healthcare settings and what are their components? What are the implementation goals and strategies used with these TICI?

Method

Protocol, Registration, and Reporting Methods

This scoping review was conducted according to JBI (formerly Joanna Briggs Institute) methodology for scoping reviews (Peters et al., 2020) guided by an a priori protocol in Open Science Framework (Stokes et al., 2020). We report this review in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses extension for scoping reviews (PRISMA-ScR) (checklist in Appendix A) (Tricco et al., 2018).

Search Strategy

We applied the three-step search strategy recommended by JBI for scoping reviews (Peters et al., 2020). First, we conducted a pilot search of one of the relevant databases (MEDLINE), designed by the first author (YS) in collaboration with a library scientist (MS). YS subsequently performed an analysis of the text words contained in the titles and abstracts of the identified papers and of the respective descriptive index terms. Second, YS designed a second search, including all the identified keywords and index terms. We performed this search in CINAHL, MEDLINE, and PsycINFO on September 2, 2020. A library scientist (MS) peer reviewed the search strategy in accordance with the Peer Review of Electronic Search Strategies (PRESS) guidelines (Mcgowan et al., 2016). Third, YS screened the reference lists of all included studies for additional studies. The full electronic search strategy for Medline is found in Figure 1 and all search strategies are available through the Open Science Framework (Stokes et al., 2020).

Figure 1.

Search strategy in Medline.

Eligibility Criteria

Population. We included pediatric patients under the age of 18, their families, and/or staff (including, but not limited to, healthcare providers) and excluded infant populations under age two. Intervention. We included clinical interventions described by authors as “trauma-informed,” “trauma-integrated,” or “trauma-sensitive.” These interventions (including models, programs, and initiatives) may be targeted to patients, their families, and/or staff members. We excluded interventions for individuals with a diagnosis of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) or designed to process a trauma narrative because TICI are intended to be inclusive and applicable to individuals without a known history of trauma. We also excluded interventions that were not milieu-based interventions (e.g., stand-alone therapeutic groups). We excluded articles that did not include a description of implementation strategies used, or only described the hypothetical implementation of the TICI. Context. We included pediatric inpatient or residential treatment mental healthcare settings and excluded juvenile justice, secure settings, and school settings that were not clearly described as a mental health treatment program. Study Type. We included any primary study describing a TICI that was implemented at a specific site which identified and described implementation strategies used. Related reviews were excluded, yet their reference lists were screened. Language. We only included studies published in English or French. Publication date. We limited the search to literature from 1995 onwards because TIC is a concept that was first used in approximately 2001 by Harris and Fallot (2001). Publication status. We included peer reviewed articles and excluded grey literature including theses.

Study Selection

YS uploaded all citations and abstracts to Covidence systematic review software (Veritas Health Innovation, Melbourne, Australia; available at www.covidence.org) and removed duplicates. Two reviewers (YS and MDV) independently screened studies for eligibility using Covidence. We initially conducted a pilot test by screening a random sample of 25 titles/abstracts for inclusion, and then met to discuss discrepancies and to modify the inclusion criteria, if required. Articles were excluded if both reviewers agreed to exclude them, otherwise, they proceeded to the next step of full-text screening. Reviewers met to resolve conflicts, and a third team member (EH or IDG) resolved conflicts as needed. The reviewers then independently screened the remaining full texts in a similar fashion. Articles were excluded if both reviewers agreed to exclude them, and reasons for exclusion were documented. Systematic reviews and scoping reviews meeting first-level screening were retained and YS screened their reference lists for eligible studies.

Data extraction

Two reviewers (YS and JG or MDV or MH) independently extracted study details from the included articles into a template form in REDcap (Research Electronic Data Capture; Harris et al., 2009). We pilot-tested the extraction process as follows: each reviewer independently extracted the data for six articles and then met to compare and reach consensus. At that time, we discussed and revised the forms prior to continuing with the rest of the data extraction. Any disagreements between reviewers’ extractions were resolved through discussion, or with a third reviewer when needed.

We extracted the following data items: study characteristics (first author, study year, year of publication, journal, language, country, corresponding author, study type, study funding, study limitations); study authors’ definition of TIC (verbatim) and reported theoretical underpinnings of TIC; study aims; setting details (type of setting, treatment population of setting, location, urban/ rural location); descriptors of TIC intervention participants, including patients, families, full-time equivalent (FTE) of staff; intervention and implementation strategy details, as described below.

We used the AIMD framework (Aims, Ingredients, Mechanism, Delivery; see Table 1 for definitions) (Bragge et al., 2017) to guide the extraction of information about the TICI and implementation strategies using the following process: Two reviewers (YS and JG) independently extracted the data from each article into Microsoft Word tables and extracted in the same manner any specified goals of the implementation strategies, and any information regarding theory or frameworks used to guide the implementation of the TIC intervention. We resolved discrepancies through consensus.

Table 1.

AIMD Definitions.

Component	Description	Definition and Considerations
Aims	What will be achieved and for whom? (what are the targets or goals of the intervention)	This component relates to the objective and outcome of the intervention. Based on your endpoint, what are you measuring in whom?
Ingredients	What comprises the intervention? (what are the essential components of intervention)	These are the observable, replicable, and irreducible aspects of the intervention.
Mechanism	How do you propose the intervention will work? (how does the intervention work; what is the theoretical rationale for the intervention)	This refers to the pathways or processes by which it is proposed that an intervention effects change or which change comes into effect.
Delivery	How will you deliver the intervention? (how is the intervention delivered to clients/patients/caregivers)	This encompasses logistical and practical information pertaining to intervention delivery, including mode (e.g. video, brochure); level (e.g. individual, team, population); dose, frequency, intensity; who’s delivering; and size of target group.

Source. Adapted from Bragge et al., 2017.

Data Analysis

TICI

We aggregated multiple reports on the same TICI, so that each intervention was a unit of interest in the review. We used synthesis tables and descriptive summaries to report on the article characteristics, the TICI characteristics, and the implementation strategies. Two reviewers (YS and JG) independently and (subsequently) collaboratively distilled and summarized the AIMD tables. We compared similarities and differences between the reported interventions and performed a high-level content analysis of TICI objectives.

Goals of implementation strategies

We categorized the goals of the implementation strategies based on the Canadian Institutes of Health Research (CIHR, 2012) categories for knowledge translation (KT) planning goals.

Implementation strategies

We categorized implementation strategies based on the 73 implementation categories defined by the Expert Recommendations for Implementing Change (ERIC; Powell et al., 2015), incorporating the updates recommended for existing category names and definitions as well as three additional categories (Perry et al., 2019), and using Waltz et al. (2015) thematic classification system. YS and JG independently applied the ERIC strategies and implementation goal categories, and discrepancies were resolved with IDG and KBL. We inductively identified an additional category named (77: “Align with organizational or government mandate”) to incorporate a strategy that was not otherwise captured. The four additional categories (three added by C.K. Perry and colleagues, one added by our team) were not included in Waltz and colleagues’ thematic classification system and were therefore labeled as “not categorized.” Throughout this article we will refer to the ERIC implementation categories as the ERIC implementation strategies. We tabulated frequency counts of the ERIC implementation strategies, the ERIC thematic classifications, and the implementation goal strategies and presented summaries in table formats. All categorical synthesis used simple content analysis, in accordance with the JBI guide.

Results

Of 1,571 identified citations and 54 full-text articles located by handsearching, 49 met the eligibility criteria and were included (Figure 2). The earliest article identified was published in 2003 (regarding the Sanctuary Model), with more than one third (n = 19, 39%) published since 2016. In Table 2 we present the characteristics of the 49 included articles. Most articles (n = 41, 84%) were conducted in the USA, while a few were based in Canada (n = 3, 6%) and Australia (n = 4, 8%), and one article (2%) included sites from Canada, Scotland, and USA. Most articles (n = 39; 80%) contained non-experimental study designs, and 20% of articles (n = 10) used experimental or quasi experimental designs. Most intervention sites were residential treatment/congregate care treatment settings (n = 28, 57%), followed by inpatient psychiatric hospital settings (n = 9, 18%). Two articles (4%) reported on both inpatient and residential treatment sites, five articles (10%) were of statewide initiatives, and three articles (6%) were set in child welfare systems that incorporated residential treatment. One article (2%) took place in a mental health treatment unit within a juvenile justice setting, and one (2%) was public health unit intervention which included staff from pediatric psychiatric facilities.

Figure 2.

PRISMA flowchart.

Table 2.

Study Characteristics (n = 49) Sorted by Intervention (n = 21).

Intervention Name	Author (Year)	Country	Setting	Article Type	Funding (F); Conflict of Interest (CoI)*
Attachment, Regulation and Competency (ARC) n = 4
Project Penguin informed by ARC and Positive Behavioural Interventions and Supports (PBIS)	Brend et al. (2020)	Canada	Residential treatment centres in child welfare	Mixed methods (non-controlled before and after and qualitative)	F: Government; CoI:RN
Building Communities of Care (BCC)	Forrest et al. (2018)	USA (author affiliation)	6 residential treatment programs	Non-controlled before and after	F: NR; CoI:RN
ARC; Grow strong/stepping stones	Hodgdon et al. (2013)	USA	2 residential treatment programs serving female youth	Non-controlled before and after	F:Government; CoI:NR
Trauma-Informed Care (TIC) training informed by the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA) and ARC	Matte-Landry and Collin-Vézina (2022)	Canada	44 residential units for children and youth	Interrupted time series	F: Government & Academic; CoI: RN
Child Adult Relationship Enhancement (CARE) n = 1
Child Adult Relationship Enhancement (CARE)	Gurwitch et al. (2016)	USA	State of Delaware Division of Prevention and Behavioral Health Services (DPBHS), including youth inpatient units	Case study	F: Foundation, Government; CoI:RN
Children and Residential Experiences (CARE) n = 1
Children and Residential Experiences (CARE)	Izzo et al. (2016)	USA	11 group care agencies serving youth from child welfare	Interrupted time series	F: Foundation; CoI:RY
Collaborative Problem Solving (CPS) n = 5
CPS	Greene et al. (2006)	USA	1 inpatient child psychiatric unit	Non-controlled before and after	F:NR; CoI:NR
CPS	Martin et al. (2008)	USA	1 child psychiatric inpatient setting	Non-controlled before and after	F:Foundation; CoI:RN
CPS	Pollastri et al. (2016)	USA	1 youth mental health agency providing residential treatment	Interrupted time series	F:NR; CoI:NR
“Major Change” including CPS	Regan (2010)	USA	1 inpatient child psychiatric unit	Case series	F:NR; CoI:RN
Child and Family Centered Care (CFCC): Including collaborative CPS	Regan et al. (2017)	USA	1 inpatient child psychiatric unit	Non-controlled before and after	F:Government, Acadmic; CoI:NR
Devereux’s Safe and Positive Approaches (SPA) n = 1
SPA	Russell et al. (2009)	USA	Programs offering residential treatment to children and adolescents	Prospective cohort study	F:NR; CoI:NR
EQ2: Empowering direct care staff to build trauma-responsive communities for youth n = 1
EQ2	Griffing et al. (2021)	USA	1 short-term crisis stabilization unit and 2 residential treatment centres for adolescents	Mixed methods (non-controlled before and after and qualitative)	F:Foundation; CoI:NR
NASMHPD Six Core Strategies n = 5
Six Core Strategies	Azeem et al. (2011)	USA	State psychiatric hospital with child and adolescent unit	Non-controlled before and after	F:NR; CoI:RN
Six Core Strategies	Azeem et al. (2015)	USA	Pediatric psychiatric hospital	Non-controlled before and after	F:NR; CoI:NR
“Broad TIC program” based on Six Core Strategies and Risking Connections	Barnett et al. (2018)	USA	Youth residential treatment center	Non-controlled before and after	F:Foundation; CoI:NR
Six Core Strategies, Building Bridges Initiative (BBI)	Caldwell et al. (2014)	USA	3 programs: (a) Pediatric psychiatric hospital, (b) secure residential treatment centre, (c) residential services	Non-controlled before and after	F:NR; CoI:RN
TIC Program based on the Six Core Strategies	Hale and Wendler (2023)	USA	Inpatient psychiatric hospital, which cares for children and adolescents	Non-controlled before and after	F:RN; CoI:RN
Neurosequential Model of Therapeutics (NMT) n = 1
NMT	Hambrick et al. (2018)	USA/Canada/Scotland	10 residential and day treatment settings for adolescents	Interrupted time series	F:Foundation, Gov, Private; CoI:RN
Patient-Focused Intervention (PFI) Model n = 1
PFI Model	Goetz and Taylor-Trujillo (2012)	USA	Adolescent residential treatment unit in an inpatient psychiatric facility	Non-controlled before and after	F:RN; CoI:RN
Risking Connection (RC) and Restorative Approach (RA) n = 2
RC and RA	Baker et al. (2018)	Canada	1 residential youth services division	Mixed methods (non-controlled before and after and qualitative)	F: Academic, Government; CoI:NR
RC and RA	S. M. Brown et al. (2012)	USA	5 child congregate care agencies	Non-controlled before and after	F:NR; CoI: RY
Sanctuary Model n = 11
Sanctuary Model	Bloom (2003)	USA	2 residential treatment centres for children	Case series	F:Government; CoI:NR
Sanctuary Model	Bloom et al. (2003)	USA	2 Residential treatment centres and 1 group home for children and adolescents	Case series	F:NR; CoI:NR
Sanctuary Model	Clarke (2012)	Australia	Residential care programs for children and young people	Case study	F:NR; CoI:NR
Sanctuary Model	Esaki et al. (2014)	USA	Child welfare agency that offers residential care	Cross-sectional	F:NR; CoI:NR
Sanctuary Model	Farragher and Yanosy (2005)	USA	Residential and day treatment program for youth	Case study	F:NR; CoI:NR
Sanctuary Model	Leigh-Smith and Toth (2014)	Australia	Residential care programs for children and young people	Case study	F:NR; CoI:NR
Sanctuary Model	McCorkle and Peacock (2005)	USA	1 residential treatment facility for children and adolescents	Case study	F:NR; CoI:NR
Sanctuary Model	Rivard et al. (2003)	USA	17 residential treatment units across 3 programs	Cluster randomized-controlled trial	F:Government; CoI:NR
Sanctuary Model	Rivard (2004)	USA	17 residential treatment units across 3 programs	Cluster randomized-controlled trial	F:Government; CoI:NR
Sanctuary Model	Rivard et al. (2004)	USA	17 residential treatment units across 3 programs	Mixed methods (cluster randomized-controlled trial and qualitative)	F:Government; CoI:NR
Sanctuary Model	Rivard et al. (2005)	USA	8 residential treatment units for youth	Non-controlled before and after	F:Government; CoI:NR
Sensory integration initiatives n = 5
Trauma-Informed Care (TIC) and Ayres Sensory Integration Training	Denison et al. (2018)	USA	Residential treatment centre for adolescents	Non-controlled before and after	F:NR; CoI:NR
Massachusetts R/S prevention initiative to promote strength-based care	Lebel et al. (2004)	USA	State-wide child and adolescent inpatient units	Non-controlled before and after	F:Government; CoI:NR
Massachusetts State R/S prevention initiative: integrating sensory and trauma-informed interventions	Lebel and Champagne (2010)	USA	State-wide including child and adolescent mental health facilities	Non-controlled before and after	F:NR; CoI:NR
Sensory modulation and trauma-informed-care	McEvedy et al. (2017)	Australia	State-wide, 19 area mental health services	Qualitative	F:Government; CoI:RN
Sensory room/occupational therapy (OT) consultation/Sensory Motor Arousal Regulation Treatment (SMART)	Warner et al. (2013)	USA	Residential treatment sites for adolescents	Case series	F: Source not specified; CoI:NR
Structured Psychotherapy for Adolescents Responding to Chronic Stress (SPARCS) n = 1
SPARCS	Habib et al. (2013)	USA	1 residential program for adolescents	Non-controlled before and after	F:NR; CoI:NR
Trauma Affect Regulation: Guide for Education and Therapy (TARGET) n = 1
TARGET and environmental modifications	Marrow et al. (2012)	USA	2 mental health units in juvenile justice settings	Non-randomized cluster-controlled trial	F:NR; CoI:NR
Trauma-Informed Psychiatric Residential Treatment (TI-PRT) n = 1
TI-PRT	Boel-Studt (2017)	USA	Psychiatric residential facilities of a large Behavioral Health Agency	Historically controlled cohort study	F:RN; CoI:RN
Trauma-Systems Therapy (TST) n = 3
TST	A. D. Brown et al. (2013)	USA	3 child and adolescent residential treatment centres	Case series	F:NR; CoI:NR
TST	Murphy et al. (2017)	USA	1 private child welfare system	Interrupted time series	F:Foundation; CoI:RN
TST/bridging the way home initiative	Redd et al. (2017)	USA	1 private child welfare system	Mixed methods (interrupted time series and qualitative)	F:Foundation; CoI:RN
Uncategorized TIC programs n = 5
Gender-specific and trauma-informed training curriculum	Crable et al. (2013)	USA (author affiliation)	Residential group care facility	Non-controlled before and after	F:NR; CoI:NR
Trauma-informed approach (TIA)	Craig and Sanders (2018)	USA	Behavioral healthcare facility	Non-controlled before and after	F:NR; CoI:RN
A trauma-informed care program	Jacobowitz et al. (2015)	USA	Psychiatric hospital providing short-term acute care (including child and youth)	Cross-sectional	F:NR; CoI:RN
Trauma-informed child welfare service (CWS)	Lang et al. (2016)	USA	State-wide including child and adolescent mental health facilities	Non-controlled before and after	F:Government; CoI:RN
TIC training program	Williams and Smith (2017)	Australia	Public mental health, including staff from pediatric mental health facilities	Cross-sectional	F:Government; CoI:NR

Note. Conflicts: NR = No conflict reported; RN = reported no conflicts; RY = reported conflicts.

TIC Interventions

We grouped together articles reporting on identical sites, and subsequently collapsed all articles reporting on the same intervention, resulting in 21 distinct TICI (Table 2). Some interventions were described by multiple articles, including the Sanctuary Model (11 articles), Collaborative Program Solving (CPS; five articles), the National Association of State Mental Health Program Directors (NASHMHPD) Six Core Strategies (five articles), Attachment, Regulation and Competency (ARC; four articles), Trauma Systems Therapy (TST; three articles), and Risking Connection and Restorative Approach (RC and RA; two articles). Five articles described initiatives that were sensory-integration based. There were five additional TICI that did not fall into the categories above. TIC intervention aims. In Table S1 we present the AIMD (Aims, Ingredients, Mechanism, Delivery) of each TICI (n = 21) as reported in the included articles. Many articles did not explicitly state the intervention aims/goals, making it difficult for reviewers to identify and extract. We identified six overarching themes in the reported aims of the interventions which we sequenced from narrow to broader range in focus: (a) to reduce incidence of restraints, seclusions, and critical events (eight interventions), (b) to change staff attitudes and skills or behaviors towards patients (11 interventions), (c) to increase or change available assessments and treatments or to coordinate care (10 interventions), (d) to support staff wellness or increase staff wellness capacities (four interventions), (e) to increase patient wellness capacities or improve patient outcomes (eight interventions), and (f) to change culture (12 interventions). We present the TICI aims in Table 3. Most articles reported multiple TICI aims. Two TICI (three articles) had no explicitly reported aims. Overall, the intervention aims were varied with no single common aim amongst the 21 TICI. However, some aims were more common than others with more than half of the included interventions described as aiming to change the organizational culture. TIC intervention ingredients. The reported essential components or ingredients of the TICI varied in detail, ranging from very little information (nine of the 49 included articles) to more detailed descriptions of the intervention ingredients. TIC intervention mechanisms. Most TICI (18, 86%) included some description of their underlying mechanism and/or theoretical basis (i.e., Risking Connection being based on the constructivist self-development theory (S. M. Brown et al., 2012); the mechanism of TARGET is “to maximize a person’s awareness of the present moment, thereby reducing mental health symptoms commonly associated with trauma, such as rumination, panic, or dissociation” (Marrow et al., 2012; p. 260)). TIC intervention delivery. Details related to the delivery of the TICI also varied, with 15 articles not reporting any detail of intervention delivery and only describing the implementation of the intervention, (i.e., training, without explaining how the actual TICI would be delivered in practice). Across the AIMD analysis (see Table S1), several studies highlighted elements that were related to pediatric context. Namely, an emphasis on parent or caregiver involvement within the essential ingredients or the delivery of the TICI (17 articles), a focus on attachment and on enhancing adult-child relationships in a more general sense (six articles), and a focus on developmental considerations (eight articles). Four of the included articles described TICI that were implemented across pediatric and adult settings, without any reported adjustments made between settings (Craig & Sanders, 2018; Jacobowitz et al., 2015; McEvedy et al., 2017; Williams & Smith, 2017).

Table 3.

TIC Intervention Aims.

Intervention Name	To Reduce Restraints/Seclusions/Critical Events	To Change Staff Attitudes, Practices	To Increase/Change Available Assessments & Treatments/Coordinate Care	To Support Staff Wellness/Increase Staff Self-Capacities	To Increase Pt Capacity/Improve Pt Outcomes	To Change Culture	Total AIM Themes Captured
Attachment, Regulation and Competency (ARC)	☑	☑	☑	☑	☑	☑	6
Collaborative Problem Solving (CPS)	☑	☑	☑	☑	☑	☑	6
Sensory Integration Initiatives	☑	☑	☑		☑	☑	5
Sanctuary Model			☑	☑	☑	☑	4
Trauma Affect Regulation: Guide for Education and Therapy (TARGET)	☑	☑			☑	☑	4
Children and Residential Experiences (CARE)		☑	☑			☑	3
EQ2: Empowering direct care staff to build trauma-responsive communities for youth		☑		☑		☑	3
NASMHPD six core strategies	☑	☑				☑	3
Trauma-Informed Psychiatric Residential Treatment (TI-PRT)	☑				☑	☑	3
Trauma-Systems Therapy (TST)		☑	☑		☑		3
Child Adult Relationship Enhancement (CARE)		☑	☑				2
Patient-Focused Intervention (PFI) Model	☑					☑	2
Structured Psychotherapy for Adolescents Responding to Chronic Stress (SPARCS)			☑		☑		2
Devereux’s Safe and Positive Approaches (SPA)		☑					1
Neurosequential Model of Therapeutics (NMT)						☑	1
Risking Connection (RC) and Restorative Approach (RA)						☑	1
Gender-specific and trauma-informed training curriculum		☑					1
Trauma-informed approach (TIA)	☑						1
Trauma-Informed Child Welfare Service (CWS)			☑				1
TIC Training Program			☑				1
A Trauma-Informed Care Program							0

Implementation Strategies

Implementation goals

In Table 4 we present the list of implementation strategy goal categories along with a tabulation of the total TICI (n = 21) reporting the respective goals within their implementation strategies. Eleven interventions included five or more different implementation goal categories, while four articles (out of the included 49) reported only one implementation goal, and two articles reported no implementation strategy goals. The most commonly reported implementation goal was to increase knowledge and awareness (20 interventions), followed by changing behavior or practice (18 interventions) and informing or supporting implementation (17 interventions). In Table S2 we present the detailed implementation strategies and implementation goals by TICI (n = 21) including the corresponding ERIC categories and implementation goal categories. Implementation strategy (ERIC) themes. All 21 included TICI incorporated the implementation theme of training and educating stakeholders, and almost all (18 of the 21 interventions) included the implementation theme of developing stakeholder interrelationships. The remaining eight implementation strategy themes were used to implement with approximately half of the interventions. See Table S3 for a list of the ERIC implementation strategies contained within each overarching theme. Four of the TICI included implementation strategies across all the 10 themes (ARC, NASMHPD Six Core Strategies, PFI, and the grouped sensory integration initiatives). The majority of the TICI (n = 11) incorporated strategies related to six or more implementation themes, while five interventions incorporated strategies from three or fewer implementation themes (see Table 5). Implementation strategies (ERIC). Of the 73 original ERIC strategies and the four added strategies, one strategy, “Conduct educational meetings” was used to implement all 21 TICI, with two TICI only using this implementation strategy (see Table S4). In addition to educational meetings, there were seven other ERIC strategies used by more than half of the interventions: E27 “Develop and organize quality monitoring systems”, E65 “Use an implementation advisor”, E19 “Conduct ongoing training”, E55 “Provide ongoing consultation”, E71 “Use train-the-trainer strategies”, E41b “Involve staff”, and E44 “Mandate change”. Most TICI reported using more than 10 ERIC strategies, with four interventions (NASMHPD Six Core Strategies, ARC, the grouped sensory integration initiatives, and the Sanctuary Model) using more than 30 ERIC strategies. Sixteen ERIC implementation strategies were not used with any of the included TICI. Six of the nine strategies under the theme “H: Utilize financial strategies” and three of the eight strategies under the theme “I: Change infrastructure” were unused.

Table 4.

Implementation Strategy Goal Categories by TIC Intervention (n = 21).

Goal of the Implementation Strategy
1. Increase knowledge/awareness (n = 20; 95%)
2. Inform/change attitudes (n = 3; 14%)
3. Inform/change behavior/practice (n = 18; 86%)
4. Inform/change policy (n = 5; 24%)
5. Increase patient/family involvement (n = 4; 19%)
6. Increase staff involvement (n = 7; 33%)
7. Inform/support implementation (n = 17; 81%)
8. Embed the model (n = 12; 57%)

Table 5.

ERIC Overarching Themes Used With Each TIC Intervention.

Intervention Name	Total ERIC Themes	A. Use Evaluative and Iterative	B. Provide Interactive	C. Adapt and Tailor to Context	D. Develop Stakeholder	E. Train and Educate	F. Support Clinicians	G. Engage Consumers & Staff	H. Utilize Financial Strategies	I. Change Infrastructure	J. Not Categorized
NASMHPD Six Core Strategies	10	☑	☑	☑	☑	☑	☑	☑	☑	☑	☑
Attachment, Regulation and Competency (ARC)	10	☑	☑	☑	☑	☑	☑	☑	☑	☑	☑
Sensory integration initiatives	10	☑	☑	☑	☑	☑	☑	☑	☑	☑	☑
Patient-Focused Intervention (PFI) Model	10	☑	☑	☑	☑	☑	☑	☑	☑	☑	☑
Sanctuary Model	9	☑	☑	☑	☑	☑	☑	☑		☑	☑
Collaborative Problem Solving (CPS)	9	☑	☑		☑	☑	☑	☑	☑	☑	☑
Trauma-Systems Therapy (TST)	9	☑	☑	☑	☑	☑		☑	☑	☑	☑
Trauma-Informed Child Welfare Service (CWS)	8	☑			☑	☑	☑	☑	☑	☑	☑
Trauma-informed approach (TIA)	7	☑	☑			☑	☑	☑		☑	☑
EQ2: Empowering direct care staff to build trauma-responsive	6	☑		☑	☑	☑	☑	☑
Trauma Affect Regulation: Guide for Education and Therapy (TARGET)	6		☑	☑	☑	☑		☑		☑
Neuro sequential Model of Therapeutics (NMT)	5	☑		☑	☑	☑				☑
Child Adult Relationship Enhancement (CARE)	5		☑		☑	☑		☑	☑
Structured Psychotherapy for Adolescents Responding to Chronic	5		☑	☑	☑	☑	☑
Trauma-Informed Psychiatric Residential Treatment (TI-PRT)	5	☑	☑		☑	☑		☑
TIC Training Program	4	☑			☑	☑			☑
Children and Residential Experiences (CARE)	3			☑	☑	☑
Risking Connection (RC) and Restorative Approach (RA)	3				☑	☑				☑
Gender-Specific and Trauma-Informed Training Curriculum	2				☑	☑
Devereux’s Safe and Positive Approaches (SPA)	1					☑
A Trauma-Informed Care Program	1					☑
Total TICI using theme		13	12	11	18	21	10	13	9	12	9

Discussion

Recent Proliferation of TICI

In this scoping review, we identified 21 TICI in pediatric mental health inpatient and residential settings across 49 articles. While our database search spanned from 1995 onwards, the earliest article we identified was published in 2003 and most articles (n = 35) were published since 2010. The reasons for the recent proliferation of different TICI and approaches may be numerous. First, settings and populations are diverse and complex and require specialized adaptations according to the context in which the interventions are to be implemented. Second, and perhaps more importantly, TICI that are better known and more established are not widely accessible to the public; they tend to be quite expensive to purchase and implement and require a substantial commitment of time, effort, and resources (Hanson & Lang, 2016). For example, in addition to the cost of purchasing the Sanctuary Model, there may be further internal resources required, as the model is designed to be implemented over three years (Andrus, 2022). To obtain the certification, organizations must demonstrate that they have met all 28 of the Sanctuary Institute Standards for Certification (Sanctuary Institute, 2021). Organizations may therefore opt to design and develop their own less expensive and comprehensive approaches. Third, as demonstrated in this review, the reporting of TICI and their implementation is often limited and lacks detail, making them difficult to replicate. Fourth, various definitions of TIC exist (e.g., Bath, 2008; Becker-Blease, 2017; Hanson & Lang, 2016; SAMHSA, 2014; The National Child Traumatic Stress Institute, n.d.). We have yet to achieve a consensus on what TIC actually represents, and the elements and mechanisms needed to achieve it (Hanson & Lang, 2016; Perry, 2020). Hence, it logically follows that depending on the TIC definition adopted by organizations aiming to implement TIC, various TICI could be developed to achieve their desired goals.

Complexity of TIC: TICI Aims, Targets, and Implementation

In this scoping review we identified TICI that endeavour to operationalize the complexity of TIC through various intervention aims, target audiences, and multifaceted interventions. In many cases, it was difficult to identify the TICI aims (distinct from the study aims). When explicitly reported, they varied, potentially indicating that the TICI were designed for different purposes, or possibly representing a continuum of the multiple levels along the complexity of TIC. Aims ranged from abstract to narrower and more specific. TICI specifically targeted patients (e.g., Clarke, 2012; Forrest et al., 2018; Habib, et al., 2013; Marrow et al., 2012), staff (e.g., Crable et al., 2013; Hale & Wendler, 2023; Russell et al., 2009), and caregivers (e.g., Hodgdon et al., 2013; Regan et al., 2017), or a combination thereof. While it may seem evident to target patients with TICI, some authors posit the importance of also including direct care staff (e.g., Wolf et al., 2014) and caregivers (e.g., Lotty et al., 2020; Sullivan et al., 2016) in the cultivation of trauma-informed organizations that engender safety, trustworthiness, support, collaboration, and empowerment. Moreover, perhaps we need to consider not only multiple target audiences but also the complexity of how these audiences interact dynamically within TICI. This may be especially true within the pediatric context, where caregivers play an essential role in supporting and bridging the youth to the community. Eight of the twenty-one TICI aimed to reduce seclusion and restraint events. Yet all those TICI also encompassed aims that went beyond and targeted other areas such as increasing patient capacities, changing staff attitudes, and bringing about a broader culture change, seeming to indicate a general consensus that TIC aims go well beyond simply reducing restraints and seclusions. The most common aim, stated by 12 of the 21 of TICI included in this review, was to promote a form of organizational culture change. While the higher-level aim of culture change is congruent with the complexity of TIC, we also need to consider how this can be operationalized in practice (Hanson & Lang, 2016). A recent example of a TICI (not included in this review, as it is not published in the peer-reviewed literature) that considers the larger cultural context and operationalization of TIC, is a tool developed by the National Children Traumatic Stress Network (NSTCN) called the Trauma-Informed Organizational Assessment (TIOA; Halladay Goldman et al., 2019). The TIOA assesses nine broad aspects of TIC within the organization (covering youth, caregiver, and staff domains) and includes a detailed implementation guide exhibiting the complexity of TIC and the complexity of implementing a TICI.

We also found a large degree of variability in the nature, scope, and number of implementation strategies used to implement each TICI, which is consistent with findings of other reviews of TICI (e.g., Bryson et al., 2017; Lowenthal, 2020). Some TICI used more than half of the 77 ERIC implementation strategies, while others used very few, but the majority did use a multipronged implementation plan. All the included TICI used educational meetings as an implementation strategy with two using educational meetings as the sole implementation strategy. Yet, educational meetings as an exclusive strategy are likely to fall short in achieving the commonly targeted culture change. This was illustrated by authors of two TICI included in this review. Williams and Smith (2017) reported that while training was effective in increasing knowledge and altering attitudes, training had less effect on changing individual practice and an even lower level of influence on changing workplace practice. Lang et al. (2016) also flagged the shortcomings of educational meetings in producing practice changes and warned that “as interest in trauma-informed care grows, there is a risk that ‘receiving some trauma-related training’ becomes equivalent to ‘being trauma-informed’” (Lang et al., 2016, pp 121-122).

Lowenthal (2020), in their review of TIC implementation in the child- and youth-serving sectors, created a three-category post-hoc analytic framework called the TIC Implementation Scope Continuum to classify the nature, scope, and number of implementation strategies of the range of TIC implementation initiatives. Limited Change Initiatives (LCI) consisted generally of one-off trainings with little to no follow up, while Comprehensive Change Initiatives (CCI) used numerous strategies over longer periods of time to create lasting changes in organizational culture, structure, and policies. While this framework offers potential to classify the nature and scope of TIC implementation initiatives, the framework needs to be studied to establish reliability and validity. Further, an important direction for future focus would be to investigate the association between their comprehensiveness and intensity and the effectiveness of the TICI and its implementation.

Reporting of TICI and Implementation Strategies

In conducting this scoping review, we found the reporting of both the TICI and of the implementation strategies to be varied and limited. Some articles did not describe or described very minimally the intervention and/or the implementation strategies, so we suggest caution when reviewing and interpreting what was actually done. We note from these articles that there is confusion or lack of clarity around the TICI in contrast to strategies used to implement it. Some articles reported primarily the implementation strategies (such as describing the TICI as a “training”) rather than what the TICI was in practice. From an implementation perspective, a training would be an implementation strategy to facilitate the adoption of the core clinical intervention, whatever that may be (Eldh et al., 2017). To achieve greater clarity and consistency in the reporting of TICI will necessitate further elucidation and agreement around each of these concepts: TIC definitions, TICI, and TIC implementation strategies. Moreover, intervention frameworks or reporting guidelines should be adopted to aid in consistent reporting of and to distinguish between clinical and implementation interventions or strategies (Eldh et al., 2017). None of the included articles in this review incorporated intervention frameworks or reporting guidelines, which made the TICI difficult to synthesize. There are a number of intervention reporting guidelines in the EQUATOR (Enhancing the Quality and Transparency of Health Research network; Simera et al., 2010) database that may be useful to consider in identifying the most useful guidelines for the reporting of TICI, such as the Template for Intervention Description and Replication (TIDieR) checklist (Hoffmann et al., 2014), and the Standards for Reporting Implementation Studies (StaRI) checklist (Pinnock et al., 2017). In our scoping review protocol, we initially selected the (TIDieR) Checklist to guide our data extraction of the TICI and of the implementation strategies. After commencing data extraction, we realized TIDieR Checklist incorporated detailed elements that for the most part were not relevant to the reported TICI that we had identified. After reviewing other available frameworks, we opted to use the AIMD framework (Bragge et al., 2017) as a structure for breaking down and discussing the TICI. Furthermore, the Expert Recommendations for Implementing Change (ERIC; Powell et al., 2015) as a taxonomy for classifying the implementation strategies proved useful for classifying/categorizing strategies used to implement TICI. While intervention frameworks and reporting guidelines can structure and facilitate reporting, the onus remains on the authors to report completely and transparently what took place, otherwise we are still left with incomplete and inconsistent reporting. We encourage authors to enhance the descriptive clarity of the TICI and implementation strategies used with the support of available intervention frameworks and reporting guidelines. See Table 6 for a summary of the implications from this review findings for practice, policy, and research.

Table 6.

Implications for Practice, Policy, and Research.

Implications for Practice• Numerous TIC interventions for pediatric settings exist• These TICI vary in their aims and essential components• Organizations looking to implement TICI need to consider their goals for TIC, which will inform who the TICI will target (e.g., patients, staff, caregivers) and TICI aims (e.g., reducing incidence of critical events, improving patient outcomes, changing culture)• In planning implementation of TICI, consider using a multi-pronged approach that goes beyond educational trainings (education is necessary but not sufficient to support implementation)• Given that the amount of detail reported on TICI and implementation strategies is limited, organizations may need to explore and create their own implementation plans based on the needs of their setting• Organizations should monitor and document the impact of their implementation efforts

Implications for Policy• When planning implementation of a TIC intervention, policy makers should clearly identify the specific goals that they want the TIC intervention to achieve• Policy makers have an important role in supporting the implementation of TIC interventions (as evidenced by many of the implementation strategies which have implications for policy providers - e.g. Using evaluative and iterative strategies, Developing knowledge user interrelationships, Supporting clinicians, and Changing infrastructure)

Implications for Research• Researchers need to do better in describing the TIC interventions and the implementation strategies used• More research is needed to better understand what combination of implementation strategies work best for what TIC interventions and for specific contexts

Study Limitations

Our search strategy included the terms of “trauma-informed”, “trauma-sensitive”, “trauma-integrated”, and “trauma * care” which are commonly used to describe this phenomenon (e.g., Hanson & Lang, 2016), but it is possible additional relevant articles exist that were not indexed with these terms. Due to feasibility concerns, we excluded non-peer reviewed articles, including theses, as well as articles published in languages outsides of English or French; in doing so, we may have missed relevant TICI. It is also possible that others may have coded data differently (e.g., when applying the ERIC implementation strategies as categories). However, our citation screening, data extraction, and data coding processes involved two independent team members and reviewed with the larger team when consensus or clarification was needed leading us to believe that the chance of miscoding was small. We did not assess the quality of the included studies, however this is consistent with guidance related to conducting scoping reviews (Peters et al., 2020). This review focused on pediatric settings and therefore we could not compare how TICI within adult and pediatric settings differ, however this may be a valuable area for future research.

Most articles identified in this scoping review were based in the USA, with a few based in Canada and Australia, and one article including sites from Canada, Scotland, and USA. Given that the healthcare system in the USA differs from other systems in the world, there may be limitations to the transferability of these interventions to other locations. Furthermore, the lack of published interventions implemented elsewhere in the world, including in from countries in the Global South, limits our ability to conceptualize TIC and TIC implementation within diverse settings and contexts. Finally, our analysis was limited to what was reported in articles (both in terms of the TICI and the implementation strategies). Authors may not have fully reported what was done in either the clinical intervention or the implementation.

Conclusions

In conducting this scoping review, we identified numerous admirable efforts to implement TICI in pediatric inpatient and residential mental health settings, demonstrating a broad interest in TIC. The included TICI encompassed some common aims and elements, however, there were also many differences. In selecting, implementing, or reporting on a TIC intervention, it will be important for organizations to consider their goals for TIC and to describe the aims and core components of the TIC intervention separate from the implementation strategies to be used. This specificity will better allow for synthesis and transferability of TICI. We suggest that a tailored implementation plan should multi-pronged approach that goes well beyond educational trainings. We also recommend that further research focuses on developing a better understanding of what combination of implementation strategies work best for what TICI under specific contexts.

Supplemental Material

sj-docx-1-tva-10.1177_15248380231193444 – Supplemental material for Trauma-Informed Care Interventions Used in Pediatric Inpatient or Residential Treatment Mental Health Settings and Strategies to Implement Them: A Scoping Review

Supplemental material, sj-docx-1-tva-10.1177_15248380231193444 for Trauma-Informed Care Interventions Used in Pediatric Inpatient or Residential Treatment Mental Health Settings and Strategies to Implement Them: A Scoping Review by Yehudis Stokes, Krystina B. Lewis, Andrea C. Tricco, Erin Hambrick, Jean Daniel Jacob, Melissa Demery Varin, Justine Gould, Dhiraj Aggarwal, Paula Cloutier, Catherine Landriault, Stephanie Greenham, Michelle Ward, Allison Kennedy, Jennifer Boggett, Roxanna Sheppard, David Murphy, Marjorie Robb, Hazen Gandy, Sonia Lavergne and Ian D. Graham in Trauma, Violence, & Abuse

Supplemental Material

sj-docx-2-tva-10.1177_15248380231193444 – Supplemental material for Trauma-Informed Care Interventions Used in Pediatric Inpatient or Residential Treatment Mental Health Settings and Strategies to Implement Them: A Scoping Review

Supplemental material, sj-docx-2-tva-10.1177_15248380231193444 for Trauma-Informed Care Interventions Used in Pediatric Inpatient or Residential Treatment Mental Health Settings and Strategies to Implement Them: A Scoping Review by Yehudis Stokes, Krystina B. Lewis, Andrea C. Tricco, Erin Hambrick, Jean Daniel Jacob, Melissa Demery Varin, Justine Gould, Dhiraj Aggarwal, Paula Cloutier, Catherine Landriault, Stephanie Greenham, Michelle Ward, Allison Kennedy, Jennifer Boggett, Roxanna Sheppard, David Murphy, Marjorie Robb, Hazen Gandy, Sonia Lavergne and Ian D. Graham in Trauma, Violence, & Abuse

Supplemental Material

sj-docx-3-tva-10.1177_15248380231193444 – Supplemental material for Trauma-Informed Care Interventions Used in Pediatric Inpatient or Residential Treatment Mental Health Settings and Strategies to Implement Them: A Scoping Review

Supplemental material, sj-docx-3-tva-10.1177_15248380231193444 for Trauma-Informed Care Interventions Used in Pediatric Inpatient or Residential Treatment Mental Health Settings and Strategies to Implement Them: A Scoping Review by Yehudis Stokes, Krystina B. Lewis, Andrea C. Tricco, Erin Hambrick, Jean Daniel Jacob, Melissa Demery Varin, Justine Gould, Dhiraj Aggarwal, Paula Cloutier, Catherine Landriault, Stephanie Greenham, Michelle Ward, Allison Kennedy, Jennifer Boggett, Roxanna Sheppard, David Murphy, Marjorie Robb, Hazen Gandy, Sonia Lavergne and Ian D. Graham in Trauma, Violence, & Abuse

Footnotes

Acknowledgements

The authors wish to thank Margaret Sampson, MLIS, AHIP, PhD (Library Services, CHEO RI) for peer review of the MEDLINE search strategy. We also thank Murshida Haider and Sophie Lightfoot for assistance with data screening and extraction and additional members of the CHEO TIC Advisory Committee, Shannon Watson and Sarah Bissex for their input.

Declaration of Conflicting Interests

The author(s) declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.

Funding

The author(s) disclosed receipt of the following financial support for the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article: We received funding from the CHEO Psychiatry Associates Research Fund for research assistants to aid with screening and data extraction.

ORCID iD

Yehudis Stokes

Supplemental Material

Supplemental material for this article is available online.

Author Biographies

Yehudis Stokes, RN, MScN, DTATI(c), is currently completing her PhD in Nursing at the University of Ottawa, with a thesis research focus on planning the implementation of a trauma-informed care program in a pediatric mental health setting. She practices clinically as a Registered Nurse at CHEO and as a Clinical Nurse Specialist with the Psychosocial Oncology team at Princess Margaret Cancer Centre. She is also trained as an art therapist and a psychotherapist. Yehudis speaks and advocates on topics relating to trauma-informed care.

Dr. Krystina B. Lewis, PhD, is Assistant Professor in the School of Nursing at the University of Ottawa, and Affiliate Researcher at the University of Ottawa Heart Institute and Ottawa Hospital Research Institute. Her research focuses on developing, evaluating, and implementing interventions to support patients and families’ engagement in decisions about their health.

Dr. Andrea Tricco holds a MSc in Epidemiology and PhD in Population Health. She is a Scientist and Director of the Knowledge Synthesis Team in the Knowledge Translation Program of the Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael’s Hospital. She is an Associate Professor at the University of Toronto in the Dalla Lana School of Public Health & Institute of Health Policy, Management, and Evaluation. She is also a Co-Director and Adjunct Associate Professor of the Queen’s Collaboration for Health Care Quality Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) Centre of Excellence at Queen’s University.

Dr. Erin Hambrick, PhD, is a Clinical Child Psychologist and an Associate Professor in the School of Education, Social Work, and Psychological Sciences at the University of Missouri, Kansas City. Her research focuses on child trauma and resilience. Specifically, she studies now the timing and nature of developmental experiences, both positive and negative, shape child outcomes and how community-based treatments can best serve trauma-exposed youth.

Dr. Jean Daniel Jacob, PhD, is a Full Professor and Director at the School of Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ottawa. His work draws on critical and sociopolitical approaches in the fields of psychiatric nursing and also addresses questions related to power, rights, ethics, and violence risk management.

Melissa Demery Varin, RN, MScN, is a registered nurse CHEO and a simulation and laboratory facilitator at the University of Ottawa. Melissa was employed as a research assistant at the CHEO research institute during this project. Melissa is interested in implementation science, pediatrics, surgery, and mental health among many other topics.

Justine Gould is a Registered Nurse and recent graduate of McMaster’s with a Master’s of Science in Global Health. She is currently a first-year medical student at Queen’s University in Kingston, Ontario, with an interest in pursuing a medical career in pediatric mental health.

Dr. Dhiraj Aggarwal is a child and adolescent psychiatrist and assistant professor in the Department of Psychiatry at the University of Ottawa. He works in the outpatient mental health program at CHEO. Dr. Aggarwal is the UGE Clerkship Rotational Director (Anglophone) for the Department of Psychiatry. His primary clinical interests are attention deficit hyperactive disorder, autism spectrum disorder, self-compassion, and attachment-based interventions. His research interests are trauma informed care and sub-cortical based interventions.

Paula Cloutier, MA, is a Research Associate in Psychiatry and Mental Health Research at CHEO. Her current research activities focus on pediatric mental health service research, interventions for youth with suicidal ideation, mental health and addictions screening, and emergency department presentations for substance use and follow-up care in children and adolescents.

Catherine Landriault, MSW, RSW, is a Registered Social Worker who has years of experience working in child protection and in a pediatric hospital setting. She now centers her practice on helping clients recover from trauma. She currently works at the OSI (Operational Stress Injury) Clinic, at the Royal Ottawa Mental Health Centre, where she provides evidence-based treatment to Veterans of the Canadian Forces and Royal Canadian Mounted Police members who have OSI-related mental health issues including Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder.

Dr. Stephanie Greenham, PhD, CPsych, is a Clinical Psychologist and the Psychology Professional Practice Lead at CHEO. She has adjunct affiliations in Psychology at the University of Ottawa and Carleton University. Her research focuses on inpatient mental health services for children and youth, including outcomes of acute psychiatric hospitalization. She is also involved in the development of standards of care for child and youth inpatient mental health services.

Dr. Michelle Ward, MD, FAAP, FRCPC, is an Associate Professor at the Faculty of Medicine at the University of Ottawa. She is certified in pediatrics (Canada and US) and in Child Abuse Pediatrics (US). She practices clinically, speaks, publishes, and advocates around issues that affect children and families involved with the child welfare system.

Dr. Allison Kennedy has worked as a psychologist, clinical leader, and researcher at CHEO for 25 years with a focus on adolescent mental health. She is the Co-Principal Investigator for a study (BRAVA) involving the development and evaluation of a brief group treatment for adolescents who experience suicidal thoughts.

Jennifer Boggett is an Occupational Therapist who has been working for 18 years in Mental Health Outpatient services at CHEO. She works with children’s (and families’) skills, interests, values and strengths to facilitate working towards the client’s specific goals. Jennifer is passionate about the belief that “children do well if they can” and is a leader in the implementation of Collaborative Problem Solving in CHEO’s outpatient services.

Roxanna Sheppard earned her BScN from Queen’s University in 2000 and is currently completing her graduate Certificate in Health Systems Management from the University of Regina. She began her nursing career in Labour and Delivery before making the leap to Mental health in 2006, when she started as a frontline RN on the Inpatient Mental Health Unit at the CHEO. Her passion for Child and Youth Mental Health continued to grow over the years, and her desire to ensure youth at CHEO receive safe and compassionate care drove her to leadership. Over the last 8 years, Roxanna managed many of the Mental Health programs at CHEO but is very privileged to be back with the Inpatient Mental Health unit and the Crisis Intervention Program in the Emergency Department. Roxanna is a strong advocate for restraint reduction and spearheaded bringing Safewards and UK Safety Pods to CHEO.

David Murphy is the Director of the Mental Health Program at CHEO. He has worked for the past 25 years in acute hospital settings at both at CHEO and The Royal Ottawa Mental Health Centre. He worked clinically for 11 years as a Child and Youth Counsellor (CYC), an Inpatient Coordinator and a Professional Practice Leader for (CYCs) and subsequently spent 10 years as a Manager in the Acute Mental Health Services. David has been the Director for the Mental Health Program for the past 4 years.

Dr. Marjorie Robb is a child and adolescent psychiatrist at CHEO. She works primarily with young people who experience emotional dysregulation and other sequelae of traumatic events, as well as with mood and anxiety disorders. Currently she is Interim Chief of Psychiatry at CHEO. She is a cofounder of Brainspotting Canada and works with trauma therapists in Canada and around the world to advance trauma-informed treatment and therapies that engage subcortical and cortical areas of the brain.

Dr. Hazen Gandy is a Staff Psychiatrist at the CHEO and Associate Professor with the Department of Psychiatry at the University of Ottawa. He is also the Medical Director of the Eastern Hubsite of the Ontario Tele-Mental Health Service. His clinical focus is in eating disorders and he is a regular contributor the CHEO Child and Youth Mental Health Project ECHO.

Sonia Lavergne is a Child and Youth Counsellor (CYC) who has worked on the Mental Health Acute Care inpatient unit at CHEO for the last 25 years. She is also the professional practice leader for the CYCs at CHEO. Sonia is dedicated to integrating trauma informed leadership throughout the organization and she aims to be a compassionate provider of trauma informed care principles for all patients and families.

Dr. Ian D Graham is a Distinguished University Professor in the Schools of Epidemiology and Public Health & Nursing at the University of Ottawa, Senior Scientist at the Centre for Implementation Research at the Ottawa Hospital Research Institute and Honorary Professor at the School of Nursing and Midwifery at Deakin University in Melbourne, Australia. His research focuses on advancing implementation science and knowledge translation. He is originator of the Ottawa Model of Research Use, Knowledge to Action Cycle and Implementation Roadmap. He is a Fellow of the Canadian Academy of Health Sciences, New York Academy of Medicine and Royal Society of Canada.

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