The pension reforms that were enacted in Central-Eastern Europe and the Former Soviet Union in the past decade reflect considerable diversity, but share one common feature: a move from a universalist-redistributive heritage to strongly differentiated, earnings-related benefits, with an emphasis on contributory financing. the differences in level and scope of old-age protection are widening, however, as plummeting formal employment translates into sharply decreasing coverage ratios. Thus, the importance of the existing non-contributory benefits for the elderly, that currently play a relatively marginal role in the post-socialist world, may soon be increasing.
Get full access to this article
View all access options for this article.
References
1.
AndrewsEmily S. and DenaRingold1999. “Safety Nets in Transition Economies: Toward a Reform Strategy.” SP Discussion Paper No. 9914.Washington DC: World Bank.
2.
Baker & McKenzie.2003. “Pension Reform in the Russian Federation. Information to Clients, July 17, 2003.” Moscow & St. Petersburg, mimeo.
3.
BarrNicholas2000. “Reforming Pensions: Myths, Truths, and Policy Choices.” Working Paper WP/007139. Washington DC: IMF.
4.
BarrientosArmando and Peter Lloyd-Sherlock. 2002. “Non-contributory pensions and social protection.” Paper for the series ‘Issues in Social Protection’. Manchester and Norwich, mimeo.
5.
BiteInara and ValdisZagorskis2003. “Country Study Latvia.” In Social Protection in the Candidate Countries – Country Studies Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania. Ed. BerlinGVG.: Akademische Verlagsgesellschaft: pp. 1–138.
6.
BraithwaiteJeanine, GrootaertChristiaan, and BrankoMilanovic2000. Poverty and Social Assistance in Transition Countries. New York: St. Martin's Press.
7.
Castello Branco, Marta de.1998. “Pension Reform in the Baltics, Russia, and other Countries of the Former Soviet Union (BRO).” Working Paper WP/98/11. Washington DC: IMF.
8.
CichonMichael1999. “Notional defined-contribution schemes: Old wine in new bottles?” International Social Security Review.52(4) pp. 87–105.
9.
CorsettiGiancarlo and KlausSchmidt-Hebbel. 1997. “Pension Reform and Growth.” In the Economics of Pensions. Principles, Policies, and International Experience. Ed. Salvador Valdés-Prieto.Cambridge: Cambridge University Press: pp. 127–159.
10.
DavisE. Philip. 1998. “Policy Implementation Issues in Reforming Pension Systems.” Working Paper No. 31.London: EBRD.
11.
DisneyRichard1999. “OECD Public Pension Programmes in Crisis: An Evaluation of the Reform Options.” SP Discussion Paper No. 9921.Washington DC: World Bank.
12.
FultzElaine2004. “Pension reform in the EU accession countries: Challenges, achievements and pitfalls.” International Social Security Review.57(2) pp. 3–24.
HellmanJoel S., JonesGeraint, and DanielKaufmann2000. “‘Seize the State, Seize the Day’. State Capture, Corruption, and Influence in Transition.” Policy Research Working Paper No. 2444.Washington DC: World Bank.
15.
HolzmannRobert1997. “On Economic Benefits and Fiscal Requirements of Moving from Unfunded to Funded Pensions.” Forschungsbericht9702. Saarbrücken: Universität of Saarland.
16.
KornaiJanos1997. “Reforming the Welfare State in Postsocialist Societies.” World Development.25(8) pp. 1183–1186.
17.
LindemanDavid, RutkowskiMichal, and OleksiySluchynskyy2000. “The Evolution of Pension Systems in Eastern Europe and Central Asia: Opportunities, Constraints, Dilemmas and Emerging Best Practices.” Washington DC, mimeo.
18.
Mesa-LagoCarmelo. 2004. “La reforma de pensiones en América Latina. Modelos y características, mitos y desempeños, y lecciones.” In ¿Públicos o privados? Los sistemas de pensiones en América Latina después de dos décadas de reformas. Eds. Katja Hujo, Carmelo Mesa-Lago, and Manfred Nitsch. Caracas: Nueva Sociedad: pp. 21–56.
19.
MüllerKatharina. 1999. The Political Economy of Pension Reform in Central-Eastern Europe. Cheltenham and Northampton MA: Edward Elgar.
20.
MüllerKatharina. 2002a. “Old-Age Security in the Baltics: Legacy, Early Reforms and Recent Trends.” Europe-Asia Studies.54(5) pp. 725–748.
21.
MüllerKatharina. 2002b. “Pension Reform Paths in Central-Eastern Europe and the Former Soviet Union.” Social Policy and Administration.36(2) pp. 156–175.
22.
MüllerKatharina. 2002c. “Public-Private Interaction in Structural Pension Reform.” In Regulating Private Pension Schemes: Trends and Challenges. Ed. ParisOECD: OECD: pp. 105–116.
23.
MüllerKatharina. 2003a. “Poverty and Social Policy in the Central Asian Transition Countries.” GDI Reports and Working Papers 2/2003. Bonn: German Development Institute.
24.
MüllerKatharina. 2003b. Privatising Old-Age Security: Latin America and Eastern Europe Compared. Cheltenham and Northampton MA: Edward Elgar.
World Bank.1994. Averting the Old Age Crisis. Policies to Protect the Old and Promote Growth.Washington DC: Oxford University Press.
30.
World Bank.2000. Balancing Protection and Opportunity. A Strategy for Social Protection in Transition Economies.Washington DC: World Bank.
31.
World Bank.2002. “Pension Reform in Russia: Design and Implementation.” Washington DC, mimeo.
32.
ZukowskiMaciej1997. Wielostopniowe systemy zabezpieczenia emerytalnego w Unii Europejskiej i w Polsce: Miedzy panstwem a rynkiem. Poznan: Wydawnictwo Akademii Ekonomicznej.
