The problem and the solution. The purpose of this article is to (a) present insights from economics on earnings of sexual minorities and (b) discuss the implications for human resource development in terms of career development. In economic research, the focus has been on finding earnings differentials between sexual minorities and heterosexuals. One issue with this approach is whether the standard analytical techniques available in economics, can be applied to the earnings of sexual minorities. A second issue is the relevance of earnings of sexual minorities to career development.
Allegretto, S.A., & Arthur, M.M. (2001). An empirical analysis of homosexual/ heterosexual male earnings differentials: Unmarried and unequal. Industrial and Labor Relations Review, 54, 631-646.
2.
Arabsheibani, G.R., Marin, A., & Wadsworth, J. (2005). Gay pay in the UK. Economica, 72, 333-347.
3.
Ashton, D., & Green, F. (1996). Education, training and the global economy. Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar.
4.
Badgett, M.L. (1995). The wage effects of sexual orientation discrimination . Industrial and Labor Relations Review, 48, 726-739.
5.
Badgett, M.L., & Hyman, P. (1998). Introduction: Towards lesbian, gay, and bisexual perspectives in economics: Why and how they may make a difference. Feminist Economics, 4(2), 49-54.
6.
Badgett, M.V.L. (2007). Discrimination based on sexual orientation: A review of the literature in economics and beyond. In M. V. L. Badgett & J. Frank (Eds.), Sexual orientation discrimination (pp. 19-43). London : Routledge.
7.
Badgett M.V.L., & Frank, J. (2007). The global gay gap: institutions, markets, and social change. In M. V. L. Badgett & J. Frank (Eds.), Sexual orientation discrimination (pp. 1-16). London: Routledge.
8.
Becker, G.S. (1962). Investment in human capital: A theoretical analysis . Journal of Political Economy, 70(5), 9-49.
9.
Becker, G. (1971). The economics of discrimination (2nd ed.). Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
10.
Berg, N., & Lien, D. (2002). Measuring the effect of sexual orientation on income: Evidence of discrimination. Contemporary Economic Policy, 20, 394-414.
11.
Black, D.A., Makar, H.R., Sanders, S.G., & Taylor, L.J. (2003). The earnings effects of sexual orientation. Industrial and Labor Relations Review, 56, 449-469.
12.
Blackaby, D., & Frank, J. (2000). Ethnic and other minority representation in UK academic economics. Economic Journal, 110, F293-F311.
13.
Brown, C.L. (1998). Sexual orientation and labor economics. Feminist Economics, 4(2), 89-95.
14.
Carnevale, A.P. (1983). Human capital: A high-yield corporate investment . Alexandria, VA: American Society for Training and Development.
15.
Clain, S.H., & Leppel, K. (2001). An investigation into sexual orientation discrimination as an explanation for wage differences. Applied Economics , 33, 37-47.
16.
Chung, Y.B. (1995). Career decision making of lesbian, gay and bisexual minorities. Career Development Quarterly, 44, 178-190.
17.
Day, N.E., & Schoenrade, P. (1997). Staying in the closet versus coming out: relationships between communication about sexual orientation and work attitudes. Personnel Psychology, 50, 147-163.
18.
Ferris, G.R., Frink, D.D., & Galang, M.C. (1993). Diversity in the workplace: The human resources management challenges. Human Resources Planning, 16, 41-51.
19.
Frank, J. (2006). Gay glass ceilings. Economica , 73, 485-508.
20.
Goldsmith, A.H., Veum, J.R., & Darity, W. (1997). The impact of psychological and human capital on wages. Economic Inquiry, 35, 815-829.
21.
Gonsiorek, J.C., Sell, R.L., & Weinrich, J.D. (1995). Definition and measurement of sexual orientation. Suicide & Life-Threatening Behaviour , 25(Suppl.), 40-51.
22.
Griffith, K.H., & Hebl, M.R. (2002). The disclosure dilemma for gay men and lesbians: "Coming out" at work. Journal of Applied Psychology, 87, 1191-1199.
23.
Human Rights Campaign. (2001). Documenting discrimination. Washington, DC: Author.
24.
Human Rights Campaign. (2007). The state of the workplace for gay, lesbian, bisexual and transgender Americans. Washington, DC: Author.
25.
Kauffman, K.D. (1998). Uncovering a quantitative economic history of gays and lesbians in the United States. Feminist Economics , 4(2), 61-64.
26.
Klawitter, M.M. (1998). Why aren't more economists doing research on sexual orientation. Feminist Economics, 4(2), 55-59.
27.
Klawitter, M.M., & Flatt, V. (1998). The effects of state and local antidiscrimination policies on earnings for gays and lesbians. Journal of Policy Analysis and Management, 17, 658-686.
28.
Mincer, J. (1974). Schooling, experience, and earnings. New York: Columbia University Press.
29.
Peplau, L.A., & Fingerhut, A. (2004). The paradox of the lesbian worker. Journal of Social Issues, 60, 719-735.
30.
Plug, E., & Berkhout, P. (2004). Effects of sexual preferences on earnings in the Netherlands. Journal of Population Economics, 17, 117-131.
31.
Prince, J.P. (1995). Influences on the career development of gay men , Career Development Quarterly, 44, 168-177.
32.
Ragins, B.R., & Cornwell, J.M. (2001). Pink triangles: Antecedents and consequences of perceived workplace discrimination against gay and lesbian employees. Journal of Applied Psychology, 86, 1244-1261.
33.
Rocco, T.S., & Gallagher, S. (2006). Straight privilege and moral/izing: Issues in career development. In R. J. Hill (Ed.), Challenging homophobia and heterosexism: Lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender and queer issues in organizational Settings. New directions for adult and continuing education, no. 112(pp. 29-29). San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
34.
Simon, P. (2005). The measurement of racial discrimination: The policy use of statistics. International Journal of Social Science, 183, 9-25.
35.
Swanson, R.A., & Holton, E. (2001). Foundations of human resource development. San Francisco: Berrett-Koehler.
36.
Taylor, V., & Raeburn, N.C. (1995). Identity politics as high-risk activism: Career consequences for lesbian, gay, and bisexual sociologists. Social Problems, 42, 252-273.
37.
Trau, R.N.C., & Härtel, C.E.J. (2004). One career, two identities: An assessment of gay men's career trajectory. Career Development International, 9, 627-637.
38.
van Loo, J., & Rocco, T.S. (2006). Differentiating CPE from training: Reconsidering terms, boundaries, and economic factors. Human Resource Development Review, 5, 202-227.
39.
Witeck, B., & Combs, W. (2006, February). Getting a clearer picture, Quirk's Marketing Research Review.
40.
Witeck, B., & Gates, G. (2004, July 21). Same-sex marriage: What's at stake for business?Investor's Business Daily, 2004.
