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Abstract

Cough is a main symptom in cystic fibrosis (CF). We aim to validate a Spanish version of the Leicester Cough Questionnaire (LCQ-Sp) to measure the impact of cough in CF bronchiectasis. A prospective longitudinal multicentre study was performed. Internal consistency and score changes over a 15-day period in stable state were assessed to analyse reliability. Concurrent validity was analysed by correlation with Saint George’s Respiratory Questionnaire (SGRQ) and convergent validity by assessing the association with clinical variables. Changes in scores between stable state and the first exacerbation were assessed to analyse responsiveness. 132 patients (29.73 ± 10.52 years) were enrolled in four hospitals. Internal consistency was high for the total score and good for the three domains (Cronbach’s α 0.81–0.93). The test–retest reliability showed an intraclass correlation coefficient of 0.86 for the total score. The correlation between LCQ-Sp and SGRQ scores was −0.74. The LCQ-Sp score negatively correlated with sputum volume, and the mean score decreased at the beginning of exacerbations (16.04±3.81 vs 13.91±4.29) with a large effect size. The LCQ-Sp is a reliable, repeatable and responsive instrument to assess the impact of cough in CF bronchiectasis and is responsive to change in the event of exacerbations.

Keywords

cystic fibrosis cough quality of life bronchiectasis symptoms respiratory disease

Introduction

The dysfunction of the cystic fibrosis (CF) transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) of epithelial cells causes thickened and viscous mucus that decreases mucociliary clearance and leads to mucus obstruction, persistent bacterial infection, inflammation, and progressive bronchial damage in the lungs of patients with CF. Patients suffer from chronic cough, daily expectoration, and frequent exacerbations. The main objectives in treating lung disease are, apart from correcting the basic defect in CFTR protein, to control the respiratory symptoms and to delay progression.¹

Pulmonary function tests have been widely used as outcome measures in clinical trials, especially in children. However, with improvements in treatment, the rate of decline in lung function has decreased² and these tests may now be less sensitive to changes. The lung clearance index is a new measure of ventilation distribution but is currently only available in some reference centres for use in clinical trials.³ Clinical monitoring may detect minor changes, but these measurements are more subjective. Health-related quality of life (HRQoL) questionnaires allow the impact of disease or of certain symptoms to be measured and are increasingly being used as outcome variables in clinical trials.

Two disease-specific HRQoL questionnaires for CF that evaluate general daily life have been validated: the CF Quality of Life (CFQoL) questionnaire⁴ and the CF Questionnaire for teenagers and adults (CFQ 14+),^5,6 which has been used as an outcome variable in clinical trials.^7,8 However, these questionnaires are not sufficiently focused on respiratory symptoms to assess their impact on health status, a task that requires respiratory- or symptom-specific tools.

Two HRQoL questionnaires that were initially designed for other diseases – the Saint George’s Respiratory Questionnaire (SGRQ)⁹ and the Leicester Cough questionnaire (LCQ)¹⁰ – have been validated in both CF^11,12 and non-CF bronchiectasis.^13,14,15 The SGRQ was designed for chronic obstructive lung disease⁹ and only the Spanish version has been validated in CF.¹¹ The LCQ is a 19-item questionnaire that measures the impact of coughing on the quality of life. It was designed for chronic cough and although it had not been validated in CF patients at the time, it was used as a primary outcome measure with gastroesophageal reflux surgery in CF.¹⁶ More recently, the LCQ has appeared to be valid, reliable and responsive after an exacerbation in CF adults in a preliminary study¹² and a Spanish version has also been found to be reliable in CF children,¹⁷ although neither study included a calculation of the sample size and both had less than 60 patients.

We have previously translated and validated a Spanish version of the LCQ (LCQ-Sp) in adult patients with non-CF bronchiectasis.¹⁵ Given that cough is one of the most frequent symptoms of adult patients with CF bronchiectasis, we aimed to validate the LCQ-Sp in these patients.

Methods

Study design and participants

A prospective longitudinal multicentre study to validate the LCQ-Sp in CF bronchiectasis was performed. Consecutive adult patients with CF diagnosed according to the current guidelines¹⁸ attending the CF clinics of four hospitals between April 2011 and November 2012 were invited to participate in the study. Bronchiectasis was diagnosed by high-resolution computed tomography (HRCT), and for inclusion, patients had to be in stable phase (defined as no respiratory exacerbation¹⁹ in the previous month) and to have had an HRCT in the previous 5 years. Exclusion criteria: patients who were current smokers, had previous pulmonary resection (to avoid any influence on pulmonary values, dyspnoea and affected lobes) or who were unable to respond to the questionnaire. Respiratory exacerbation was defined as an acute development and persistence (beyond normal day-to-day variations) of changes in sputum characteristics (increased volume, thicker consistency, greater purulence and haemoptysis), increased cough and increased breathlessness.¹⁹

The study was approved by the Ethical Committee of the Dr Josep Trueta Hospital (registration number: 2011053). All patients gave written informed consent before inclusion.

Study protocol

In order to validate the LCQ-Sp, an analysis of its feasibility, validity, reliability and responsiveness was undertaken following the Aaronson et al. recommendations.²⁰ All patients filled in at the hospital the LCQ-Sp, the SGRQ⁹ and the modified Medical Research Council (mMRC) dyspnoea scale²¹ (visit 1) in order to analyse feasibility, concurrent validity and internal consistency. The variables recorded at visit 1 were demographic data, sputum colour,²² sputum volume in the previous 24-h (using a calibrated container) and the number of exacerbations and admissions in the previous 6 months. If the patient continued in stable phase at 15 days and there had been no modification to their treatment, they were asked to fill in the LCQ-Sp again and sent by post mail to each reference hospital (visit 2) to analyse the test–retest reliability. The rest of the variables, such as sputum microbiology of the last visit, whether or not the patient has chronic bronchial colonisation, the last respiratory function test made in the stable phase during the previous 12 months, and the last HRCT studies were recorded. Patients were also asked to fill in at the hospital the LCQ-Sp again in the case that they presented an exacerbation in the following 6 months (visit 3) in order to analyse responsiveness.

Chronic bronchial colonisation was considered when there were three or more positive cultures for the same microorganism within 6 months and in samples collected at least 1 month apart.

Endpoints

The primary endpoint of the study was to assess the internal consistency (reliability) of the LCQ-Sp. Secondary endpoints were to calculate the feasibility, the test–retest (reliability), the validity and the responsiveness of the LCQ-Sp.

Questionnaires

The LCQ¹⁰ is a 19-item questionnaire that measures the impact of coughing on the quality of life in the two previous weeks in three domains: physical (eight items), psychological (seven items) and social (four items). The total severity score ranges from 3 to 21, with a lower score indicating greater impairment of health status due to cough. The minimal clinically important difference (MCID) for the total LCQ score is 1.3.²³ The LCQ-Sp has been proved as a valid tool to assess cough impact in non-CF bronchiectasis.¹⁵

The SGRQ⁹ consists of 50 items grouped in three domains: symptoms (eight items), activity (16 items) and impacts (26 items). The total score ranges from 0 to 100, with zero indicating no impairment to the quality of life. The MCID is 4.²⁴

The mMRC²¹ dyspnoea scale consists of five statements about perceived breathlessness.

Statistics

The sample size of internal consistency for the Cronbach’s α was calculated using Bonnett’s formula.²⁵ Expecting a Cronbach’s α of 0.80 for the LCQ-Sp and setting a required level of 0.70 in a two-sided test at α=0.05, power of 0.80 and assuming a 10% missing data rate, a sample size of 113 subjects would be required.

Feasibility was analysed by calculating the percentage of patients without a response for the total score and for each domain of the LCQ-Spat visit 1. The percentage of patients obtaining the lowest possible score (floor effect) and highest possible score (ceiling effect) was analysed.

For the assessment of reliability,²⁶ internal consistency was estimated for the total number of items and for each of the domains at visit 1 using Cronbach’s α. Test–retest reliability to analyse changes in the LCQ-Sp score between visits 1 and 2 was estimated through the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) using a two-way mixed effects model and type consistency.²⁷ The commonly accepted minimal standard for reliability coefficients is 0.70 (<0.40=poor; 0.41–0.59=fair; 0.60–0.74=good; 0.75–1=excellent).²⁸ A graphical analysis was also performed using the Bland and Altman method.²⁸ The effect size was calculated using Cohen’s²⁹ criteria (small=0.2; moderate=0.5; large=0.8).

Validity was analysed using concurrent and convergent validity. For concurrent validity, the correlation of LCQ-Sp and SGRQ at visit 1 was analysed by Spearman’s rank correlation. The convergent validity was analysed comparing the statistical association between different variables suspected of being related to the cough (24-h sputum volume, sputum purulence,²² chronic bronchial colonisation (no evidence, by microorganisms others than Pseudomonas aeruginosa or by P. aeruginosa), FEV1, mMRC dyspnoea scale and number of lobes affected) and values of the total LCQ-Sp using Kruskal–Wallis or rho Spearman, as appropriate.

For responsiveness, the mean change in total score between visit 1 and the beginning of the first exacerbation was compared using the paired Student’s t-test. The effect size was also calculated for responsiveness using Cohen’s²⁹ criteria.

A two-tailed p-value of <0.05 was significant. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS for Windows, version 25.0 (IBM Corp., Armonk, New York, USA) and Stata/IC 13.1 (Stata Corp. 2013, Stata Statistical Software: Release 13, Stata Corp LP, College Station, Texas, USA).

Results

A total of 132 patients were included in the study. Baseline characteristics of the recruited patients are described in Table 1.

Table 1.

Baseline characteristics of recruited patients.

	All patients
n	132
Females	72 (54.5)
Age (years)	29.73 ± 10.52
Ex-smokers	8 (6.1)
Body mass index (Kg/m²)	22.28 ± 3.58
Exacerbations in the preceding 6 months	1.03 ± 1.22
Hospitalisations in the preceding 6 months	0.13 ± 0.38
24-h sputum volume (mL)	25.78±22.87
Sputum colour
No expectoration	12 (9.1)
Mucous	17 (12.9)
Mucopurulent	49 (37.1)
Purulent	54 (40.9)
Chronic bronchial colonisation
None	12 (9.1)
Other than Pseudomonas	84 (63.6)
Pseudomonas aeruginosa	36 (27.3)
FEV1 % predicted	60.8 ± 23.5
FEV1 (mL)	2108.93±891.6
FVC % predicted	73.4 ± 22.2
FVC (mL)	3155.1±1098.5
mMRC dyspnoea score
0	77 (58.3%)
1	40 (30.3%)
2	11 (8.3%)
3	4 (3.0%)
4	0
Number of affected lobes	4.48 ± 1.76

Data are presented as mean ±SD or n (%), where applicable. FEV1: forced expiratory volume in 1 s; FVC: forced vital capacity; mMRC: modified Medical Research Council.

Feasibility

All the patients included in the study responded to the LCQ-Sp during visit 1. The response rate of these patients was 100% both for the total score and the three domains. No floor or ceiling effect was observed (Table 2).

Table 2.

Psychometric properties of the Spanish version of the Leicester Cough Questionnaire.

Domain	Items (n)	Mean ± SD	Floor (%)	Ceiling (%)	Cronbach’s α	ICC (95% CI)	Effect size
Physical	8	5.32 ± 1.13	2.15 (0.7)	7 (2.3)	0.852	0.80 (0.71–0.87)	−0.220
Psychological	7	5.34 ± 1.25	1.28 (0.7)	7 (8.3)	0.858	0.84 (0.76–0.89)	−0.220
Social	4	5.69 ± 1.23	0.7 (0.7)	7 (14.4)	0.813	0.77 (0.66–0.85)	−0.115
Total	19	16.59±3.34	5.91 (0.7)	21 (1.5)	0.937	0.86 (0.79–0.91)	−0.225

SD: standard deviation, ICC: intraclass correlation coefficient.

Reliability

The internal consistency of the LCQ-Sp of the 132 patients at visit 1 was high for the total score and good for the different domains, with Cronbach’s α values ranging from 0.81 to 0.93 (Table 2).

The test–retest reliability was calculated with the scores of the LCQ-Sp of the 74 patients that filled in the questionnaire again at 15 days (Figure 1). The ICC obtained indicated excellent stability for the total score and for the three domains, with values ranging from 0.77 to 0.86. Using Cohen’s criteria, a small effect size for difference in means was obtained for the total score and each domain (Table 2). Figure 2 shows a Bland–Altman plot of the difference between repeat total scores for the LCQ-Sp.

Figure 1.

Flow chart of the study. LCQ-Sp: Spanish version of the Leicester Cough Questionnaire; SGRQ: Saint George’s Respiratory Questionnaire; mMRC: modified Medical Research Council dyspnoea scale.

Figure 2.

Bland–Altman plot of Spanish version of the Leicester Cough Questionnaire total score repeated over 15 days in 74 patients with stable cystic fibrosis. The solid line represents the mean change in score and the dashed line represents the limits of agreement.

Validity

In the analysis of concurrent validity, the LCQ-Sp had a significant moderate inverse correlation with the SGRQ at visit 1 for the total score and for the three domains, with scores ranging from −0.47 to −0.76 (Table 3).

Table 3.

Correlation of the Spanish version of the Leicester Cough Questionnaire with the Saint George’s Respiratory Questionnaire at visit 1, convergent validity.

	SGRQ
LCQ-Sp	Symptoms	Activity	Impacts	Total
Physical	−0.59^**	−0.60^**	−0.65^**	−0.76^**
Psychological	−0.49^**	−0.51^**	−0.65^**	−0.70^**
Social	−0.51^**	−0.47^**	−0.63^**	−0.67^**
Total	−0.55^**	−0.55^**	−0.67^**	−0.74^**

**Significant Spearman correlation: p<0.01 (bilateral). SGRQ: Saint George’s respiratory questionnaire. LCQ-Sp: Leicester Cough Questionnaire Spanish version.

The results of convergent validity using the variables selected show that mMRC and sputum volume had a significant negative correlation, and FEV1 had a positive significant correlation. Purulence of sputum, chronic bronchial colonisation and affected lobes had no association with the LCQ score (Table 4).

Table 4.

Convergent validity: correlation between variables suspected of being related to cough and LCQ-Sp total score.

Variables	Rho Spearman	Median LCQ-Sp	Interquartile range (25–75%) LCQ-Sp	p
mMRC				<0.001
0	—	18.50	15.81–19.85
1	—	16.26	13.66–18.89
2	—	14.96	11.89–16.54
3	—	12.93	9.78–15.01
4	—	0	0
Sputum purulence				0.070
No expectoration/mucous	—	18.88	14.98–20.30
Mucopurulent	—	16.62	15.07–19.33
Purulent	—	16.85	13.04–18.94
Chronic bronchial colonisation				0.283
None	—	17.07	16.20–20.01
Pseudomonas aeruginosa	—	16.43	13.31–19.07
Other than Pseudomonas	—	17.21	13.73–19.78
FEV1% predicted	0.210	—	—	0.016
24-h sputum volume (mL)	−0.328	—	—	<0.001
Number of affected lobes	0.071	—	—	0.427

FEV1: forced expiratory volume in 1 s; LCQ: Leicester Cough Questionnaire; LCQ-Sp: Spanish version of the LCQ; mMRC: modified Medical Research Council.

Responsiveness

The mean LCQ-Sp total score at visit 1 decreased in the 55 patients that filled in the questionnaire at the beginning of the first exacerbation compared to baseline score in stable state (13.91 ± 4.29 vs 16.04 ± 3.81 respectively; mean difference of −2.15 (−2.84 and −1.47 95% CI); p < 0.001). The magnitude of the difference was higher than the MCID of 1.3.²¹ The mean score of the individual domains also decreased significantly (physical 5.24 ± 1.19 vs 4.50 ± 1.43, psychological 5.27 ± 1.40 vs 4.57 ± 1.53 and social 5.34 ± 1.44 vs 4.80 ± 1.56; p < 0.001). The LCQ-Sp showed a large effect size of 0.863.

Discussion

The validation of the LCQ-Sp in adult patients with CF in this multicentre study shows that this version is reliable, valid and responsive to change for use in these patients, where cough is one of the main symptoms.

The analysis of feasibility shows that all the patients completed all of the answers, suggesting that patients do not find the questionnaire difficult to respond to. The absence of a significant floor or ceiling effect indicates that the results of the questionnaire were not affected by extreme values. In the case of reliability, good internal consistency for all the domains as well as for the total score were obtained, with a high Cronbach’s α, good repeatability, a high ICC, and a low effect size. With regard to concurrent validity, the LCQ-Sp total score had a significant moderate inverse correlation with the total SGRQ score, which means that worse impact of cough correlated with more impairment in quality of life. The correlation was only moderate probably because the LCQ and the SGRQ provide information on different aspects of the impact of bronchiectasis on the HRQoL. These results are similar to those obtained in the original version of the questionnaire¹⁰ and in non-CF bronchiectasis.¹⁵ In the case of convergent validity, greater 24-h sputum volume, worse dyspnoea and worse FEV1 were associated with a greater impact of cough while the number of lobes affected was not found to be associated with cough impact. Unlike our findings in non-CF bronchiectasis, no associations with sputum purulence and chronic bronchial colonisation were observed probably because CF is a more homogeneous population with more severe bronchial damage (more patients had chronic colonisation and purulent sputum). As in non-CF bronchiectasis,¹⁵ responsiveness was analysed at the beginning of an exacerbation and a significant worsening was detected across all domains and in the total score with a large effect size. This suggests that the LCQ-Sp could be useful in confirming the presence of an exacerbation in research studies and clinical trials.

The results obtained in the present study are similar to those obtained in the preliminary study with the English version of the LCQ at a single CF adult centre¹² and those obtained in a multicentre study with another Spanish version in a CF paediatric population.¹⁷ However, there are some differences from the current study. Neither of the two studies included a calculation of the sample size and fewer patients were included. The populations studied had better pulmonary function, which may explain why they found a ceiling effect in the psychological and social domains of the LCQ in the adult study¹² and in all the domains in the paediatric study.¹⁷ The results for internal consistency were lower in the paediatric population probably because of the lower age of the patients.¹⁷ The time to analyse test–retest reliability was 1 week after completing the initial questionnaire in the adult study,¹² and between 15 and 30 days afterwards in the paediatric study, where only levels >0.70 of ICC were achieved in the total LCQ score.¹⁷ Concurrent validity was assessed in both studies with the CFQ-revised showing moderate correlations. Neither convergent validity nor variables related to bronchiectasis (sputum volume, sputum purulence, dyspnoea, the presence of chronic colonisation and the presence and extension of bronchiectasis) were reported in either study. Responsiveness, which was only assessed in the adult study, was evaluated in a different population to that used to test validity and reliability, and they measured the change from the initiation of treatment for the exacerbation to 4 weeks later. An increase in LCQ total scores by a mean of 3.6 and a large effect size ranging from 1.1 to 1.3 was reported. ¹²

This study has several particular strengths. First of all, it is a multicentre study, enabling a large sample size to be obtained over a relatively short period of time, improving the rigour of the methodology and increasing the representativeness of the results. Secondly, a sample size calculation was made. Finally, responsiveness was analysed at the onset of an exacerbation. Possible limitations of the present study could be the loss of patients to analysis of the test–retest reliability although this does not affect the primary endpoint, and the use of the SGRQ instead of a CF-specific HRQoL questionnaire,^4,5,6 for the analysis of validity. The SGRQ was chosen for different reasons: to follow the same methodology as in the non-CF bronchiectasis study, to focus on respiratory disease¹⁵ because the Spanish version had been validated in CF patients with a good correlation with the Spanish version of CFQR 14+³⁰ and because no Spanish version of the CFQoL⁴ was available. No analysis of discriminant validity was performed due to the lack of CF bronchiectasis severity scales.

CFTR modulator therapy is expected to improve mucociliary clearance and prevent the establishment of irreversible airway disease.¹ However, the LCQ can still be useful to evaluate changes in the impact of cough on HRQoL in those patients with established bronchiectasis and chronic bronchial colonisation. Validated versions in different languages allow their use in multicentre studies.

Conclusions

In conclusion, the LCQ-Sp is a valid and reliable instrument to measure changes in the impact of cough in adult patients with CF bronchiectasis and is responsive to change in the event of exacerbations.

Footnotes

Acknowledgements

We would like to thank Andrew Hughes for assistance in drafting the manuscript in English.

Declaration of conflicting interests

The author(s) declared the following potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article: All authors must disclose any financial and personal relationships with other people or organisations that could inappropriately influence their work.

Funding

The author(s) received no financial support for the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.

ORCID iDs

Gerard Muñoz

Javier de Gracia

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Validation of a Spanish version of the Leicester Cough Questionnaire in cystic fibrosis

Abstract

Keywords

Introduction

Methods

Study design and participants

Study protocol

Endpoints

Questionnaires

Statistics

Results

Feasibility

Reliability

Validity

Responsiveness

Discussion

Conclusions

Footnotes

Acknowledgements

Declaration of conflicting interests

Funding

ORCID iDs

References