World Health Organization. Prevention of Diabetes Mellitus: Report of a WHO Study Group. WHO Technical Report Series. Geneva:World Health Organization; 1994.
2.
International Diabetes Federation. Diabetes Atlas. Brussels: Imprimerie L Varimelle SA; 2000.
3.
AmosAFDJMcCartyZimmet P The Rising Global Burden of Diabetes and itsComplications: Estimates and Projections to the Year 2010. Diabet Med 1997; 14(55):57-85.
4.
TrowellHCBurkittDP editors. Western Diseases: Their Emergence and Prevention. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press; 1981;22-6.
5.
ElaminAMIAOmerHofvanderYPrevalence of IDDM in schoolchildren in Khartoum,Sudan. Diabetes Care1989; 12:430-2.
6.
Ministry of Health. Policy Implications of Adult Morbidity and Mortality:End of Phase One Report. Dar Es Salaam: Ministry of Health, Government of the United Republic of Tanzania; 1997.
7.
BulataoRAEstimatesStephens Pofprojections mortality by cause: a global overview. In: Gribble A, Preston S editors. The Epidemiological Transition. Washington DC: National Academy of Sciences Press; 1993; 1870-2015.
8.
SwaiABMJLLutaleProspective study of incidence of juvenile diabetes mellitus over 10 years in Dar Es SalaamMcLarty DG.,Tanzania. BMJ1993; 306:1570-2.
9.
AhrenBCorriganCB.Intermittent need for insulin in a subgroup of diabetic patients in Tanzania. Diabet Med1985; 2:262-4.
10.
McLartyDGCPollittSwaiABM.Diabetes in Africa. Diabet Med1990; 7:670-84.
11.
SekikawaALaPorteRE.Epidemiology of Insulin Dependent Diabetes Mellitus. In: Alberti KGMM, Zimmet P,and Defronzo RA editors. International Textbook of Diabetes Mellitus. 2nd ed. Chichester: Wriley; 1997; Vol. 1;89-96.
12.
RwizaHTABMSawiMcLartyDG.Failure to diagnose diabetic ketoacidosis in Tanzania. Diabet Med 1986; 3: 181-3.
13.
MakameM.Childhood diabetes, insulin, and Africa. Research International Study Group. Diabet Med 1992; 9(6):571-3.
14.
YudkinJS.Insulin for the World’s Poorest Countries. Lancet 2000; 355(9207):919-21.
15.
SwaiABMJLutaleMcLartyDG.Diabetes in Tropical Africa: a prospective study, 1981-7. I. Characteristics of newly presenting patients in Dar Es Salaam,Tanzania. BMJ1990; 300:1103-6.
16.
Bureau of Statistics and Planning Commission. Demographic and Health Survey 1996 Tanzania. Dar Es Salaam: Macro International Inc.; August1997.
17.
WilsonM.The Medic’s Guide to Work and ElectivesAround the World. London:Arnold; 2000.
18.
MwanjisiF.The Tanzania worker - Forty years of Uhuru. The Sunday Observer (Tanzania). 9December2001.
19.
Household budget survey 2000-01. Dar Es Salaam: National Bureau of Statistics Tanzania; July2002.
20.
MushiTMsondaS. 40 years of Independence: Mkapa reflects over the last 40 years. The Guardian Newspaper (Tanzania). 8December2001.
21.
MsetekaB.Zimbabwe,AIDS-Africa’s issues for 2002. The Guardian Newspaper (Tanzania). 14 Decemeber 2001.
22.
BaldwinT.Blair asks Europe to aid Africa markets. The Times Newspaper. 9February2002.
23.
MaddoxB.Blair risks bearing scars of Africa trip. The Times. 6February2002.
24.
AbbasiK.Free the slaves. BMJ 1999; 319(7213):849.
25.
MwambandeL.Tanzanians mark 40 years of Independence: Fight poverty by working harder, Mkapa tells Tanzanians. Guardian Newspaper (Tanzania). 10December2001.
26.
NgonjiR.Being 40, we surely could have done better. The Guardian Newspaper (Tanzania). 10December2001.
27.
WalravenG.Willingness to pay for district hospital services in rural Tanzania. Health Policy Plan 1996; 11(4):428-37.
28.
KasiloOJMwalukoGMP.The Essential Drugs in Tanzania: A ten year (1979-1988) review following the Alma Ata Declaration. East Afr Med J 1992; 69(5):288-93.
29.
GruberWTLanderLeeseB editors. The Economics of Diabetes and Diabetes Care: A Report of the Diabetes Health Economics Study Group. Brussels: International Diabetes Federation; 2000.
30.
ChaleSSJMcLartyDG.The Economics of Diabetes Care: Africa. In: Alberti KGMM, Zimmet P and Defronzo RA editors. International Textbook of Diabetes Mellitus. 2nd ed. Chichester:Wriley;Vol. 2.; 1788-92.
31.
YudkinJS.Tanzania - still optimistic after all these years?Lancet1999; 353:1519-21.
32.
The Debt Cutter’s Handbook. London: Jubilee 2000; 1996.
33.
World Bank Report. Investing Health. World Development Report 1993. New York: Oxford University Press; 1993.
34.
YudkinJS. Evaluation of Request for an Action Health Trainer in Pharmaceutical and Vaccine Management and Utilisation for Pemba, May-June1998. Unpublished draft report. 1998.
35.
Household Budget Survey 2000/2001. National Bureau of Statistics Tanzania. Dar Es Salaam; July2002.
36.
Tanzanian Ministry of Health,The Treasury and Ministry of Planning and Economic Affairs. ‘Economic Survey’. 1987.
37.
Ministry of Health. Master Plan for the Pharmaceutical Sector 1992-2000. Tanzania: Government of Tanzania Mainland; 1991.
38.
MunishiGK.The Development of the Essential Drugs Program and Implications for Self-reliance in Tanzania. J Clin Epidemiol 1991; 44(511):57-14.
39.
Delayed shortage of supplier causes shortage of anti-TB drugs. The Guardian Newspaper (Tanzania). 11December2001.
40.
Pharmaceuticals and Supplies Unit, Ministry of Health, Dar Es Salaam. A short information manual on t he Tanzania Drug Policy, The Masterplan for the Pharmaceutical Sector 1992-2000. Tanzania Mainland and the Hospital Therapeutic Committees. Tanzania: Ministry of Health; February1993.
41.
JervellJ.IDF Review Group Working Paper Brussels: International Diabetes Federation; 2001.
42.
McLaughlinC, editor. IDF Handbook: fitting the pieces together. Brussels: International Diabetes Federation; 1999.
Tanzanian Diabetes Association. Summary of District Reports on Decentralization of diabetic services in Dar Es Salaam. 2000.
45.
Diabetes Association of Zanzibar. Annual Report 2000 and Strategic Plan for the year 2001-2002.
46.
SalimAKitangeH. Situation if NCDs in Tanzania mainland and Zanzibar. Paper presented to WHO conference on epidemiology of diabetes mellitus in the region. Entebbe, Uganda. 28 May-4June2000.
47.
MakameMHTullES.Diabetes in newly diagnosed Zanzibari patients: 1986-1989. J Nat Med Assoc 1993; 85(8):621-5.
48.
Department of Planning, Administration, and Finance: Statistical tables for health planners and administrators: basic statistical data for decision makers in the health sector. Zanzibar Ministry of Health. Health Bulletin No. 47. March1987.
49.
SalimAAliM. A research proposal: study on the prevalence of diabetes and other non-communicable diseases in Zanzibar. A research proposal. 2001.
50.
KingH.Insulin:Availability, affordability and harmonization. WHO Drug Information1998; 4:219-23.
51.
1997 Access to Insulin report. Brussels: International Diabetes Federation; 1998.
52.
HomePD.Insulin Therapy. In: Alberti KGMM, Zimmet P, and Defronzo RA, editors. International Textbook of Diabetes Mellitus. 2nd ed. Chichester: Wriley; Vol. 1;899-928.
53.
World Health Organization. Prevention ofDiabetes Mellitus. Technical Report Series. No. 844. Geneva: WHO; 1994.
54.
FinchCZimmetPMortality from Diabetes. In:Alberti K, Krall L, editors. The Diabetes Annual/4. Amsterdam: Elsevier; 1988; 1-16.
55.
The DCCT Research Group. Lifetime benefits and costs of intensive therapy as practiced in the Diabetes Control and Complications Trial. JAMA1996; 46:1409-15.
56.
Prices of diabetes equipment in IDF member countries 1999. In: Diabetes Atlas 2000. Brussels: International Diabetes Federation; 221.
57.
MuelaSHAKMushiRiberaJM.The paradox of the cost and affordability of traditional and government health services in Tanzania. Health Policy Plan 15(3):296-302.
58.
OberlanderLElverdanB. Malaria in the United Republic of Tanzania: cultural considerations and heath-seeking behaviour. Bull World Health Organ 2000; 78: 1352-7.
59.
MakembaAMPJWinchMakameVM Treatment practices for degedege, a local recognized febrile illness, and implications for strategies to decrease mortality from severe malaria in Bagamoyo district,Tanzania. Trap Med Int Health 1996; 1:305-13.19
60.
International Diabetes Federation Africa Region. Regianal Repart January2001-October2001. Dar Es Salaam, Tanzania: International Diabetes Federation; 2001.
61.
RosenquistULuftR. Diabetes Care in the community. In: Alberti KGMM, Krall LReditors. Diabetes Annual/4. Amsterdam: Elsevier; 1988; 162-78.
62.
ConestaNABFelciniBevilacquaPResources allocation to OPD services at public and private dispensaries in Iringa District, Tanzania. Ann Ig1997; 9:169-76.
63.
McLartyDGLKinaboSwaiABM.Diabetes in tropical Africa: a prospective study. 1981-7. II. Course and prognosis. BMJ1990; 300:1107-10.
64.
AhrenB.Diabetes Mellitus at a rural hospital in NorthWestern Tanzania. Trap Geagr Med1984; 36:237-42.
65.
Smide B,Whiting D, Mugusi F Self-perceived health in urban diabetic patients in Tanzania. East Afr Med J 1999; 76(2):67-70.
66.
ChaleSSABMSwaiMujinjaPGMMust diabetes be a fatal disease in Africa? Study of costs of treatment. BMJ1992; 304:1215-18.
67.
The Diabetes Control and Complications Trial Research Group. The effect of intensive treatment of diabetes on the development and progression of ling-term complications in insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. N Engl J Med1993; 329:683-9.
68.
Reichard P Nilsson BY, Rosenquist U. The effect of longterm intensified insulin treatment on the development of microvascular complications of diabetes mellitus. N Engl J Med1993; 329:304-9.
69.
SkylerJSCohenM. Self-Monitoring of Blood Glucose. In: Alberti KGMM, Zimmet P Defronzo RA editors. Internatianal Textbaak af Diabetes Mellitus. 2nd ed. Chichester: Wiley; Vol. 2; 1031-46.
70.
DeebLCMHTanAlbertiKGMM.Insulin Availability among International Diabetes Federation Member Associations: Report of the Task Force on Insulin Distribution. Diabetes Care 1994; 17(3):220-3.
71.
WorthRPDHomeJohnstonDGIntensive attention improves glycaemic control in insulin-dependent diabetes without further advantage from home blood glucose monitoring: results of a controlled trial. BMJ1982; 285:1233-40.
72.
Castle WM,WicksACB. A follow-up of 93 newly diagnosed African diabetics for 6 years. Diabetalagia1980; 18:121-3.
73.
YudkinJS. A research proposal for the establishment of an International Insulin Foundation: A Pilot Scheme. Draft proposal. 2001.
74.
EbbellB.The Papyrus Ebers:The Greatest Egyptian Medical Dacument. Copenhagen: Levin and Munksgaard; 1937.
75.
OubreAYTJCarlsonKingSRFrom plant to patient: an ethnomedical approach to the identification of new drugs for the treatment of NIDDM. Diabetalagia1997; 40:614-17.
BannermannRBJButon, Wen-Chieh. Traditianal medicine and health care caverage. World Health Organization: Geneva; 1983; 9-13.
78.
FeiermanEK.Alternative Medical Services in rural Tanzania: A physician’s view. Sac Sci Med 1981; 15B:399-404.
79.
AstromANAKAwadiaBjorvatnK.Perceptions of susceptibility to oral health hazards: a study of women in different cultures. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol1999; 27:268-74.
80.
PattersonBJ.‘Co-operation and collaboration between traditional healers of the biomedical health sector in Dar Es Salaam: some preliminary observations.’ Paper presented at the Eighth International Congress of the World Federation of Public Health Associations, Arusha, Tanzania.
81.
BaileyCJCDayLeatherdaleBA.Traditional treatments for diabetes from Asia and the West Indies. Practical Diabetes1986; 3:190-2.
82.
LeatherdaleBARKPanesarSinghGImprovement in glucose tolerance due to Momordica charantia (karela). BMJ1981; 282:1823-4.
83.
PillaiNRCSeshadriSanthakumariG. Hypoglycaemic effect of Cyamopsis tetragonoloba taub (gowar). Indian J Med Pes1980; 72:128-31.
84.
JenkinsDJADVGoffLeedsARUnabsorbable carbohydrates and diabetes: decreased postprandial hyperglycaemia. Lancet1976; 2:172-4.