This article explores the ‘othering’ of an erroneous fixed Muslim identity with an emphasis on its impacts within adult and community education. It examines the geopolitical circumstances that contribute to this othering and argues for the creation of counter-hegemonic, intercultural learning spaces.
AcquahE. O.ComminsN. L. (2016) Methods that matter in addressing cultural diversity with teacher candidates. Teaching in Higher Education. doi:10.1080/13562517.2016.1273217.
2.
AhmedL. (2011) A Quiet Revolution: The Veil’s resurgence from the Middle East to America, New Haven/London: Yale University Press.
3.
AlamY.HusbandY. (2013) Islamophobia, community cohesion and counter-terrorism policies in Britian. Patterns and Prejudice47: 23–252.
4.
AllenC. (2010) Islamophobia, Ashgate: Ebook.
5.
AliA. I. (2014) A threat enfleshed: Muslim college students situate their identities amidst portrayals of Muslim violence and terror. International Journal of Qualitative Studies in Education27: 1243–1261.
AtwaterS. A. (2008) “Did they say what I think they said?” A multicultural response framework to address racial comments in the classroom. Journal of Education and Human Development2: 1–11. ISSN 1934-720.
8.
BagdikianB. H. (2004) The new media monopoly, Boston: Beakon Press Books.
9.
BarrettM.BurnettT.CalvoM.ConlonS.CoveneyE.CozmaO.WatsonT. (2003) Guidelines for intercultural best practice in local service provision, Dublin: Northwest inner city area network.
10.
BlumenthalM. (2015) The 51 Day War, ruin and resistance in Gaza, London/New York: Verso.
11.
BoyerE. (2014) Zombies all! The Janus-faced zombie of the twenty-first century. The Journal of Popular Culture47: 1139–1152.
12.
BrottonJ. (2016) The Orient Isle, Elizabethan England and the Islamic World, London: Allen Lane.
13.
CarrJ. (2015) Experiences of Islamophobia: Living with racism in the Neoliberal Era, London: Routledge.
14.
CarrJ. (2016) Islamophobia in Dublin, experiences and how to respond, Dublin: Immigrant Council of Ireland.
15.
CarrJ.HaynesA. (2015) A clash of racializations: The policing of race and of anti-Muslim racism in Ireland. Critical Sociology41: 21–40.
16.
ChomskyN. (2009) The new war against terror. In: LinkeU.SmithD. T. (eds) Cultures of fear: A critical reader, London/New York: Pluto Press.
ConnollyB. (2008) Adult learning in groups, Maidenhead and New York:Manchester University Press.
19.
CurtisE. (2009) Muslims in America, a short history, New York: Oxford University Press.
20.
DoddsK. (2008) Screening terror: Hollywood, the United States and the construction of danger. Critical Studies on Terrorism1: 227–243.
21.
Department of Education and Science (DOES) (2000) Learning for life, white paper on adult education, Dublin: Government Publications.
22.
Ellis, C., Pantucci, R., Van Zuijdewijn, J., Bakker E, Gomis, B, Palombi, S., & Smith, M. (2016). Lone-actor terrorism final report. Royal United Services Institute for Defence and Security Studies. Retrieved February 25, 2017 from https://rusi.org/sites/default/files/201604_clat_final_report.pdf.
FeketeL. (2009) Suitable enemy: Racism, migration and Islamophobia in Europe, New York: Pluto Press.
25.
FineM.WeisL.AddelsonJ. (1998) On Shakey grounds: Constructing White working-class masculinities in the late 20th century. In: CarlsonD.AppleM. W. (eds) Power/knowledge/pedagogy. The meaning of democratic education in unsettling times, Westview Press.
26.
FiskR. (2005) The Great War for Civilisation: The conquest of the Middle East, London: Fourth Estate.
27.
FitzsimonsC. (2017) Community education and neoliberalism, philosophies, policies and practices in Ireland, Switzerland: Palgrave Macmillan.
28.
Fitzsimons, C., Grummell, B., & Noone, M. (2017). HE4u2 survey findings – Integrating cultural diversity in higher education. Retrieved March 20, 2017 from http:/he4u2.eucen.eu/outputs.
29.
FroulaA. (2010) Prolepsis and ‘the war on terror’: Zombie pathology and the culture of fear in 28 days later. In: BirkensteinJ.FroulaA.RandellK. (eds) Reframing 9/11: Film, popular culture and the “war on terror.”, New York: The Continuum International Publishing Group.
30.
GastonA.AndersonN.SuC. (2010) Our schools suck: Students talk back to a segregated nation on the failures of urban education, New York University Press.
31.
GayG. (2010) Culturally responsive teaching: Theory, research, and practice, 2nd ed. New York: Teachers College Press.
32.
GillespieD. (2003) The pedagogical value of teaching white privilege through a case study. Teaching Sociology31: 469–477.
33.
GirouxH. A. (2006) America on the edge: Henry Giroux on politics, culture, and education, Gordonsville, VA: Palgrave Macmillan.
34.
GistC. (2014) A culturally responsive counter-narrative of effective teaching. Cultural Studies of Science in Education9: 1009–1014.
35.
HagopianA.FlaxmanA. D.TakaroT. K.Esa Al ShatariS. A.RajaratnamJ.BeckerS.et al. (2013) Mortality in Iraq associated with the 2003–2011 war and occupation: Findings from a National Cluster Sample Survey by the University Collaborative Iraq Mortality Study. PLoS Medicine10. e1001533. doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1001533.
36.
HarmsG. (2010) Straight power, concepts in the Middle East: U.S. foreign policy, Israel and world history, New York: Polity Press.
37.
HayterT. (2000) The Case against Immigration Controls, Pluto Press.
38.
HeronJ. (1999) The complete facilitators handbook, London: Kogen-Page.
39.
HickmanM.ThomasL.SilvestriS.NickelsH. (2011) ‘Suspect Communities’? Counter-terrorism policy, the press, and the impact on Irish and Muslim communities in Britain. Economic and Social Science Research Council – Reference: RES-062-23-1066.
40.
HooksB. (1994) Teaching to Transgress, Education as the Practice of Freedom, London/New York: Routledge.
41.
HuntingtonS. (1996) The clash of civilisations and the remaking of World order, New York: Simon and Schewster.
42.
Hussein-MuharramM. A. (2012) The marginalization of Arabic fiction in the postcolonial and World English curriculum: Slips? Or orientalism and racism?Minnesota Review78. (New Series): 130–145.
43.
JacobsM. F. (2011) Imagining the Middle East, The University of North Carolina Press.
44.
JenkinsJ. (2010) The labour market in the 1980s, 1990s and 2008/09 recessions. Economic & Labour Market Review4: 29–36.
45.
JessopT.WilliamsA. (2009) Equivocal tales about identity, racism and the curriculum. Teaching in Higher Education14: 95–106.
46.
KundnandiA. (2015) The Muslims are coming! Islamophobia, extremism, and the domestic war on terror, New York: Verso.
47.
LandsmanJ. (2011) Being White, invisible privilege of a New England Prep School Girl. In: ChanceL.LandsmanJ. (eds) White teachers/diverse classrooms, 2nd edn. Sterling, VA: Stylus Publishing.
48.
LeanN. (2012) Islamophobia industry: How the right manufactures fear of Muslims, Pluto Press.
49.
LenihanM.HoganE. (2008) Migrants and higher education in Ireland, Bishopstown: CIT Press.
50.
LentinA. (2004) Racism and anti-racism in Europe, London: Pluto Press.
51.
LinkeU.SmithD. T. (2009) Cultures of fear: Introduction. In: LinkeU.SmithD. T. (eds) Cultures of fear: A critical reader, London/New York: Pluto Press.
52.
LynchO. (2013) British Muslim youth: Radicalization, terrorism and the construction of the ‘other’. Critical Studies on Terrorism6: 241–261.
53.
McVeighR. (2010) United in Whiteness? Irishness, Europeannness and the emergence of a ‘white Europe’ policy. European Studies28: 251–278.
54.
MooreP.HamptonG. (2015) It’s a bit of a generalisation, but …’: Participant perspectives on intercultural group assessment in higher education. Assessment and Evaluation in Higher Education40: 390–406.
55.
MoreyP.YaqinA. (2011) Framing Muslims: Stereotyping and representation after 9/11, Cambridge and London: Harvard University Press.
O’ConnorF. (2010) Institutional racism in Irish adult education: Fact or fiction?The Irish Journal of Adult and Community Education. 29–52.
58.
SaidE. (1978) Oreintalism, London/Henley: Routledge and Cogan Page.
59.
ScharfC. (2011) Disarticulating feminism: Individualization, neoliberalism and the othering of ‘Muslim women’. European Journal of Women’s Studies18: 119–134.
60.
ScheinE. H. (1999) The corporate culture survival guide, San Francisco: Jossey Bass.
61.
ShyrlockA. (2010) Islamophobia/Islamophilia: Beyond the politics of enemy and friend, Indiana University Press.
62.
SimmeringT. J. (2006) “Evil” Arabs in American popular film: Orientalist fear, University of Texas Press.
63.
ŠislerV. (2008) Digital Arabs: Representation in video games. European Journal of Cultural Studies11: 203–220.
64.
SpencerB. (2014) From atomic shelters to arms control: Libraries, civil defence and American militarism during the cold war. Information and History, A Journal of Culture49: 351–385.
65.
TitleyG. (2012) Exclusion through openness? A tentative anatomy of the ritual of ‘migrant debates’. Studies across Disciplines in the Humanities and Social Science11: 46–69.