The systematic study of intramolecular reaction and gel points together with measurements of moduli of trifunctional and tetrafunctional end-linked networks show that gel points are always delayed and network imperfections always result from the intramolecular reaction which must occur when such networks are formed. Even in the limit of zero pre-gel intramolecular reaction, post-gel intramolecular reaction and network imperfections still persist (law-of-mass-action effect) to give marked reductions in modulus, particularly for trifunctional networks. The quantitative interpretation and prediction of gel points and moduli directly from reactant structures and reaction conditions are reviewed and discussed.
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