Abstract
The fabrication techniques now available for the production of highly oriented polymers are reviewed. These techniques include tensile drawing from both melt-spun and gel-spun polymers, extrusion under pressure from the melt, and hydrostatic extrusion, ram extrusion and die drawing in the solid phase. In addition, lyotropic and thermotropic liquid crystalline polymers offer new routes to very stiff and strong polymers.
Following the review of processing methods, and account is given of low strain mechanical behaviour and its relationship to structure, thermal properties (including thermal conductivity and thermal expansion behaviour) and barrier properties (permeability to liquids and gases and solubility).
Get full access to this article
View all access options for this article.
References
1.
Capaccio
G.
and
Ward
I.M.
, Nature Physical Science , 243 , 1973 , 143
2.
Smith
P.
and
Lemstra
P.J.
, J. Mater. Sci. , 15 , 1980 , 505
3.
Capaccio
G.
,
Crompton
T.A.
and
Ward
I.M.
, J. Polym. Sci., Polym. Phys. Eda , 14 , 1976 , 1641
4.
Smith
P.
,
Lemstra
P.J.
and
Booij
H.C.
, J. Polym. Sci., Polym. Phys. Ed. , 19 , 1981 , 877
5.
Coates
P.D.
and
Ward
I.M.
, J. Mater. Sci. , 13 , 1978 , 1957
6.
Flory
P. J.
, J. Amer. Chem. Soc. , 67 , 1945 , 1048
7.
Hallam
M.
,
Cansfield
D.L.M.
,
Pollard
G.
and
Ward
I.M.
, J. Mater. Sci. , 21 , 1986 , 4199
8.
Hallam
M.
,
Pollard
G.
and
Ward
I.M.
, J. Mater. Sci., Letters 6 , 1987 , 975
9.
Termonia
Y.
,
Greene
W.R.
and
Smith
P.
, Polymer Comm ., 27 , 1986 , 295
10.
van der
Vegt
A.K.
and
Smit
P.P.A.
, Advances in Polymer Science, Monograph 26, London Soc . Chem. Ind. , 1967 , p. 313
11.
Southern
J.H.
and
Porter
R.S.
, J. Appl. Polym. Sci. , 14 , 1970 , 2305
12.
Odell
J.A.
,
Grubb
D.T.
and
Keller
A
, Polymer, 19 , 1978 , 617
13.
Perkins
W.G.
, Capiat! N.J. and
Porter
R.S.
, Polym . Eng. Sci. , 16 , 1976 , 200
14.
Sahari
J.B.
,
Parsons
B.
and
Ward
I.M.
, J. Mater. Sci. , 20 , 1985 , 346
15.
Powell
A.K.
,
Craggs
G
and Ward l.M. (to be published)
16.
Nakamura
K.
,
Imada
K.
and
Takayanagi
M.
, Int. J. Polym. Mat , 2 , 1972 , 71
17.
Gibson
A.G.
and
Ward
I.M.
, J. Polym. Sci., Polym. Phys. Edn. , 16 , 1978 , 2015
18.
Gibson
AG.
,
Cole
B.N.
,
Parsons
B.
and
Ward
I.M.
, J. Mater. Sci. , 9 , 1974 , 1193
19.
Imada
K.
,
Yamamoto
T.
,
Shigematsu
K.
and
Takayanagi
M.
, J. Mater. Sci. , 6 , 1971 , 537
20.
Hope
P.S.
and
Ward
I.M.
, J. Mater. Sci. , 16 , 1981 , 1511
21.
Gupta
R
and
McCormick
P.G.
, J. Mater. Sci. , 15 , 1980 , 619
22.
Griswold
P.D.
,
Zachariades
A.E.
and
Porter
R.S.
, Polym . Eng. Sci. , 18 , 1978 , 861
23.
Coates
P.D.
and
Ward
I.M.
, Polymer, 20 , 1979 , 1553
24.
Magat
E.E.
, Phil . Trans. Roy. Soc., A294 , 1980 , 463
25.
Kuhfuss
H.F.
and
Jackson
W.J.
Jr.
, US Patent 3804805, 1974
26.
Calundann
G.W.
, US Patent 421961, 1980
27.
Takayanagi
M.
, Mem . Fac. Engng. Kyushu Univ. , 23 , 1963 , 41
28.
Ward
I.M.
, Proc . Phys. Soc. , 80 , 1962 , 1176
29.
Tashiro
K.
,
Kobayashi
M.
and
Tadokoro
H
, Macromoles, 10 , 1977 , 731
30.
Troughton
M.J.
,
Davies
G.R.
and Ward l.M. (to be published)
31.
Stachurski
Z.H.
and
Ward
I.M.
, J. Polym. Sci., A2 , 6 , 1968 , 1817
32.
Gibson
A.G.
,
Davies
G.R.
and
Ward
I.M.
, Polymer , 19 , 1978 , 683
33.
Taraiya
A.K.
,
Unwin
A.P.
and
Ward
I.M.
, J. Polym. Sci., Polym. Phys. Edn. (in press)
34.
Prevorsek
D.C
,
Harget
P.J.
,
Sharma
R.K.
and
Reimschuessel
AC
, J. Macromol. Sci., Phys. B8 , 1973 , 127
35.
Lewis
E.l.V.
and
Ward
I.M.
, J. Macromol. Sci., Phys. B18 , 1980 , 1
36.
Thistlethwaite
T.
,
Jackeways
R.
and
Ward
I.M.
, Polymer (in press)
37.
Arridge
R.G.C.
,
Barham
P.J.
and
Keller
A
, J. Polym. Sci., Polym. Phys. Edn. , 15 , 1977 , 389
38.
Gibson
AG.
,
Jawad
S.M.
,
Davies
G.R.
and
Ward
I.M.
, Polymer, 23 , 1982 , 349
39.
Gibson
AG.
,
Sahota
M.
,
Greig
D.
,
Ward
I.M.
and
Choy
C.L.
, J. Polym. Sci., Polym. Lett. Edn. , 15 , 1977 , 183
40.
Greig
D.
, Developments in Oriented Polymers - 1 (ed. Ward l.M.) Applied Science Publishers Ltd. , London , Chap. 3, 1982
41.
Choy
C.L.
, Polymer, 18 , 1977 , 984
42.
Clements
J.
and
Ward
I.M.
, Polymer 23 , 1982 , 935
43.
Zachariades
A.E.
,
Mead
W.T.
and
Porter
R.S.
, Ultra-High Modulus Polymers (ed.
Ciferri
A.
and
Ward
l.M.
) Applied Science Publishers , London , Chap. 2, 1979
44.
Gibson
AG.
and
Ward
I.M.
, J. Mater. Sci. , 14 , 1979 , 1838
45.
Choy
C.L.
,
Chen
F.C.
and
Young
K.
, J. Polym. Sci., Polym. Phys. Edn. , 19 , 1981 , 335
46.
Orchard
G.A.J.
,
Davies
G.R.
and
Ward
I.M.
, Polymer, 25 , 1984 , 1203
47.
Green
D.
,
Davies
G.R.
and
Ward
I.M.
(to be published)
48.
Williams
J.L.
and
Peterlin
A.
, J. Polym. Sci., A-29 , 1971 , 1483
49.
Holden
P.
,
Orchard
G.A.J.
and
Ward
I.M.
, J. Polymer Sci., Polym. Phys. Edn. , 23 , 1985 , 709
50.
Slee
J.A.
,
Bower
D.I.
and
Ward
l.M.
(to be published)