Abstract
A review is given of the production of rigid PVC foam and its various applications. The principles governing the choice of formulation ingredients and processing conditions are detailed, together with the influence of these variables on foam density and morphology. The effect of foaming on mechanical properties is also discussed.
Get full access to this article
View all access options for this article.
References
1.
Nightingale
R.J.
, Europlastics , 47 , (1974 ), 14
2.
Pfennig
J.L.
and
Ross
ML
, Proc. Conf. PVC 90, PRI, paper 21 , Brighton, UK , (1990 )
3.
Schipper
P.S.
,
Black
J.
and
Dymek
T.
, J. Vinyl and Additive Technol ., 2 , (1996 ), 304
4.
Szamborski
E.C.
and
Buterbaugh
T.B.
, Plast. Bldg. Constr ., 18 , (1993 ), 7
5.
Patterson
J.
and
Szamborski
G.
, J. Vinyl and Additive Technol ., 1 , (1995 ), 148
6.
Klenk
P.
and
Schneider
H.P.
in Plastics Extrusion Technology , ed.
Hensen
F
., Hanser Publishers , Munich , (1988 ), Chapt 14
7.
Szamborski
G.
and
Pfennig
J. L.
, J. Vinyl Technol ., 14 ,(1992 ), 105
8.
Brathun
R.
and
Zingsheim
P
. in Handbook of Polymeric Foams and Foam Technology ,
Klempner
D.
and
Frisch
K.C.
eds., Hanser Publishers , Munich , (1991 ), Chapt 10
9.
Hansen
R.H.
and
Martin
W.M.
, J. Polym. Sci. (Part B) , 3 , (1965 ), 325
10.
Hansen
R.H.
, SPE Journal , 18 , (1962 ), 77
11.
Han
C.D.
,
Kim
Y.W.
and
Malhotra
K.D.
, J. Appl. Polym. Sci. , 20 , (1976 ), 1583
12.
Gale
M.
, Proc. Conf . Blowing Agent Systems: Formulations and Processes, RAPRA Technol., paper 6 , Shrewsbury, UK , (1998 )
13.
Boutillier
P.B.
, Fr. Pat.
1,498,620 (1967 )
14.
Doucat
M.
, EP 19564 (1979 )
15.
Odell
A.
Jr
, Proc. Conf. Vinyl Retec ‘91, Applying 90 s Technology to Vinyl, SPE , pp. 113 -124 , Fort Micheli, K., USA , (1991 )
16.Foamed Sheet Shows Promise, Plastics News Int. , (March
1998 ), 8 /10 .
17.
Kim
B.C.
,
Kim
K.U.
and
Hong
S.I.
, Polymer (Korea) , 10 , (1986 ), 215
18.
Rabinovitch
B.B.
,
Isner
J.D.
,
Sidor
J.A.
and
Wiedi
D.J.
, Proc. Conf. ANTEC 97, SPE , Vol. III , p. 3554 , Toronto, Canada , (1997 )
19.
Thomas
N.L.
,
Bastup
R.P.
and
Roberts
T.
, Plastics, Rubber and Composites . Processing and Applications , 22 , (1994 ), 115
20.
Brenis
K.L.
, Soc. Plast. Eng. Tech. Pap. , 20 , (1974 ), 692
21.
Hurnik
H
. in Plastics Additives Handbook: Stabilisers, Processing Aids, Plasticisers, Fillers, Reinforcements, Colourants for Thermoplastics ,
Gaechter
R.
and
Mueller
H.
eds, Hanser Publishers , Munich , (1985 ), pp. 619 -638
22.
Marshall
R.A.
, J. Vinyl Technol , 13 , (1991 ), 144
23.
Shute
R.J.
, Proc. Conf. PVC Primer RETEC , pp. 99 -112 , Atlanta Ga, USA . (1985 )
24.
Collington
K.
, Proc. Conf. Cellular Polymers I, RAPRA , (1991 )
25.
Tu
C.
, Soc. Plast. Eng. Tech. Pap , 23 , (1977 ), 211
26.
Sims
G.L.A.
and
O'Connor
C.
, Proc. Conf. Blowing Agent Systems: Formulations and Processes, RAPRA Technol ., paper 2 , Shrewsbury, UK , (1998 )
27.
Thomas
N.L.
,
Eastup
R.P.
and
Quirk
J.P.
, Plastics, Rubber and Composites: Processing and Applications , 26 , (1997 ), 47
28.
Kim
K.U.
,
Park
T.S.
and
Kim
B C.
, J. Poly. Eng. , 7 , (1986 ), 1
29.
Kim
B.C.
,
Kim
K.U.
and
Hong
S.I.
, Polymer (Korea) , 10 , (1986 ), 143
30.
Luebke
G.
, Proc. Conf. Blowing Agent Systems: Formulations and Processes, RAPRA Technol ., paper 11 , Shrewsbury, UK , (1998 )
31.
Kolossow
K.D.
, in Schaimie aus der thermoplastisehen Sdwielze. VDI-Verlag, Düsseldorf , (1981 )
32.
Stover
D.
, Plastics World , (July
1994 ), 33
33.
Ashford
P.
, Proc. Conf. Cellular Polymers II, RAPRA , Paper 15 , Edinburgh, UK , (1993 )
34.
Dey
S.K.
,
Jacob
C.
and
Xanthos
M.
, J. Vinyl and Additive Technol ., 2 , (1996 ), 48
35.
Cogswell
F.N.
, Pure and Appl. Chem. , 55 , (1983 ), 178
36.
Kitai
K.
,
Holsopple
P.
and
Okano
K.
, J. Vinyl Technol ., 14 , (1992 ), 211
37.
Ide
F.
and
Okano
K.
, Pure and Appl. Chem. , 53 , (1981 ), 489
38.
Haworth
B.
,
Chua
L.
and
Thomas
N.L.
, Plastics, Rubber and Composites: Processing and Applications , 22 , (1994 ), 159
39.
Decker
R.W.
, J. Vinyl and Additive Technol. , 2 , (1996 ), 121
40.
Hornsby
P.R.
, Mat. in Engng. , 3 , (1982 ), 443
41.
Ashby
M.F.
, Met. Transact A, 14A , (1983 ), 1755
42.
Beckmann
G.
, Proc. Conf. PVC’87, PRI , paper 13 , Brighton. UK , (1987 )
43.
Throne
J.L.
, Plast. Des. Process , 16 , (1976 ), 20
44.
Patterson
J.
, J. Vinyl and Additive Technol ., 4 , (1998 ) 26