Transnational environmental crime (TEC) threatens human health and the natural environment. Its complexity also poses a challenge for regulation and enforcement. In the current paper, we present a process evaluation of one attempt to use innovations in policing to improve TEC enforcement. Specifically, we assess the implementation of intelligence-led policing (ILP) in the Environment Agency’s Securing Compliant Waste Exports Project. We find that the team was able to fully implement the UK National Intelligence Model to address illegal exports of hazardous waste, including combining regulatory and enforcement data to generate actionable intelligence. Future research should examine the implementation of ILP in other contexts and to address other forms of TEC to evaluate the generalizability of these results.
AyersIBraithwaiteJ (1992) Responsive Regulation: Transcending the Deregulation Debate. New York: Oxford University Press.
2.
BealPKerlikowskeRG (2010) Action research in Buffalo and Seattle. Police Practice and Research11(2): 117–121.
3.
BiernePSouthN (2007) Issues in Green Criminology: Confronting Harms Against the Environment, Humanity, and Other Animals. Cullompton, Devon: Willan.
4.
BraithwaiteJ (2002) Restorative Justice and Responsive Regulation. New York: Oxford University Press.
5.
CampbellDTFiskeDW (1959) Convergent and discriminant validation by the multitrait-multimethod matrix. Psychological Bulletin56: 81–105.
6.
CarterDL (2009) Law Enforcement Intelligence: A Guide for State, Local, and Tribal Law Enforcement Agencies, 2nd edn.Washington, DC: Office of Community Oriented Policing Services, U.S. Department of Justice.
7.
ClappJ (2001) Toxic Exports: The Transfer of Hazardous Wastes from Rich to Poor Countries. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.
8.
ClarkeRV (1995) Situational crime prevention. In: TonryMFarringtonDP (eds) Building a Safer Society: Strategic Approaches to Crime Prevention. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, 91–150.
9.
ClarkeRV (1997) Situational Crime Prevention: Successful Case Studies. New York: Harrow & Heston.
10.
CookDRobertsMLowtherJ (2002) The International Wildlife Trade and Organised Crime. Godalming, Surrey: World Wildlife Foundation-United Kingdom.
11.
CopeN (2004) Intelligence led policing or policing led intelligence?British Journal of Criminology44(2): 188–203.
12.
CorsaroNMcGarrellEF (2010) Reducing homicide risk in Indianapolis between 1997 and 2000. Journal of Urban Health87(5): 851–864.
13.
CoyneJWBellP (2011) The role of strategic intelligence in anticipating transnational organised crime: A literary review. International Journal of Law, Crime and Justice39(1): 60–78.
14.
CritharisM (1990) Third world nations are down in the dumps: The exploitation of hazardous waste. Brooklyn Journal of International Law16: 311–339.
15.
DarrochSMazerolleL (2013) Intelligence-led policing: A comparative analysis of organizational factors influencing innovation uptake. Police Quarterly16(1): 3–37.
16.
DavenportTHHarrisJG (2007) Competing on Analytics: The New Science of Winning. Boston: Harvard Business School Press.
17.
DeharMACasswellSDuignanP (1993) Formative and process evaluation of health promotion and disease prevention programs. Evaluation Review17(2): 204–220.
18.
DenzinNK (1978) The Research Act, 2nd edn.New York: McGraw-Hill.
19.
ElliottL (2009) Combating transnational environmental crime: ‘Joined up’ thinking about transnational networks. In: KangaspuntaKMarshallIH (eds) Eco-Crime and Justice: Essays on Environmental Crime. Turin, Italy: Public Information Department, United Nations Interregional Crime and Justice Research Institute, 55–77.
20.
ElliottL (2012) Fighting transnational environmental crime. Journal of International Affairs66(1): 87–104.
21.
Environment Agency (2007) The Environment Agency’s priorities for enforcing the TFS regulations. Available from the authors upon request.
FarrellG (2005) Progress and prospects in the prevention of repeat victimization. In: TilleyN (ed.) Handbook of Crime Prevention and Community Safety. Portland, OR: Willan, 143–170.
24.
FelsonDKalaitzidisA (2005) A historical overview of transnational crime. In: ReichelP (ed.) Handbook of Transnational Crime and Justice. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE, 3–19.
25.
FreySR (1998) The export of hazardous industries to the peripheral zones of the world-system. In: NandiPKShahidullahSM (eds) Globalization and the Evolving World Society. Leiden: Brill.
26.
GibbsCMcGarrellEFAxelrodM (2010) Transnational white-collar crime and risk. Criminology and Public Policy9(3): 543–560.
27.
Global Intelligence Working Group (2003) National Criminal Intelligence Sharing Plan. Washington, DC: Office of Justice Programs.
GraboskyP (2009) Globalization and white-collar crime. In: SimpsonSSWeisburdD (eds) The Criminology of White-Collar Crime. New York: Springer, 129–151.
30.
GraycarAFelsonM (2010) Situational prevention of organised timber theft and related corruption. In: BullockKClarkeRVTilleyN (eds) Situational Prevention of Organised Crimes. Portland, OR: Willan, 81–92.
HillC (2005) Measuring transnational crime. In: ReichelP (ed.) Handbook of Transnational Crime and Justice. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE, 47–64.
33.
International Association of Chiefs of Police (2002) Criminal Intelligence Sharing: A National Plan for Intelligence-Led Policing at the Local, State and Federal Levels. Alexandra, VA.
34.
JickTD (1979) Mixing qualitative and quantitative methods: Triangulation in action. Administrative Science Quarterly24(4): 602–611.
35.
KirbySPennaS (2010) Policing mobile criminality: Towards a situational crime prevention approach to organised crime. In: BullockKClarkeRVTilleyN (eds) Situational Prevention of Organised Crimes. Portland, OR: Willan, 193–212.
36.
KlenovsekAMeskoG (2011) International waste trafficking: Preliminary explorations. In: MeskoG. (eds) Understanding and Managing Threats to the Environment in South Eastern Europe, NATO Science for Peace and Security Series. Heidelberg: Springer.
37.
KlofasJHippleNKMcGarrellEF (eds) (2010) The New Criminal Justice: American Communities and the Changing World of Crime Control. New York: Routledge.
McGarrellEFChermakSMFreilichJD (2007) Intelligence led policing as a framework for responding to terrorism. Journal of Contemporary Criminal Justice23(2): 142–158.
41.
MaguireM (2000) Policing by risks and targets: Some dimensions and implications of intelligence-led crime control. Policing and Society9(4): 315–336.
42.
MaguireMJohnT (2006) Intelligence led policing, managerialism and community engagement: Competing priorities and the role of the National Intelligence Model in the UK. Policing and Society16(1): 67–85.
43.
MandelR (2011) Dark Logic: Transnational Criminal Tactics and Global Security. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
44.
MazerolleLSooleDWRomboutsS (2006) Street-level drug law enforcement: A meta-analytical review. Journal of Experimental Criminology2(4): 409–435.
45.
MeskoGFurmanR (2014) Police and prosecutorial cooperation in responding to transnational crime. In: ReichelPAlbaneseJ (eds) Handbook of Transnational Crime and Justice. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
46.
MeskoGBancicKEmanKFieldsCB (2011) Situational crime-prevention measures to environmental threats. In: MeskoG. (eds) Understanding and Managing Threats to the Environment in South Eastern Europe, NATO Science for Peace and Security Series. Heidelberg: Springer.
47.
National Centre for Policing Excellence (2005) Guidance on the National Intelligence Model. Bedford, UK.
48.
O’ConnorTR (2006) Intelligence-led policing and transnational justice. Journal of the Institute of Justice and International Studies6: 233–239.
49.
OakleyAStrangeVBonellCAllenEStephensonJ (2006) Process evaluation in randomised controlled trials of complex interventions. British Medical Journal332: 413–416.
50.
PassasN (1999) Globalization, criminogenic asymmetries and economic crime. European Journal of Law Reform1(4): 399–423.
51.
PassasN (2002) Cross-border crime and the interface between legal and illegal actors. In: Van DuynePCVon LampeKPassasN (eds) Upperworld and Underworld in Cross-Border Crime. Nijmegen, The Netherlands: Wolf Legal, 11–41.
RibauxOBirrerS (2010) Iterative development of cooperation within an increasingly complex environment: Example of a Swiss regional analysis centre. In: LemieuxF (ed.) International Police Cooperation: Emerging Issues, Theory and Practice. Portland, OR: Willan, 81–100.
55.
RocheE (2010) Dangerous living in India’s ‘E-waste’ jobs. Macau Daily Times, 15July.
56.
RojekJSmithHPAlpertGP (2012) The prevalence and characteristics of police practitioner–researcher partnerships. Police Quarterly15(3): 241–261.
57.
SchreierF (2009) Human trafficking, organised crime, and intelligence. In: FriesendorfC (ed.) Strategies Against Human Trafficking: The Role of the Security Sector. Vienna: National Defense Academy and Austrian Ministry of Defence and Sports, 213–259.
58.
SheptyckiJ (2004) Organizational pathologies in police intelligence systems: Some contributions to the lexicon of intelligence-led policing. European Journal of Criminology1(3): 307–332.
59.
ShoverNHochstetlerA (2006) Choosing White-Collar Crime. New York: Cambridge University Press.
60.
SonakSSonakMGiriyanA (2008) Shipping hazardous waste: Implications for economically developing countries. International Environmental Agreements: Politics, Law, and Economics8(2): 143–159.
61.
TrebilcockMJHowseR (2005) The Regulation of International Trade: Political Economy and Legal Order, 3rd edn.London: Routledge.
62.
United States Government Accountability Office (2008) Electronic Waste: EPA Needs to Better Control Harmful U.S. Exports through Stronger Enforcement and More Comprehensive Regulation (GAO-08-1044T). URL (accessed 23 January 2015): www.gao.gov/new.items/d081044.pdf
63.
Van ErpJHuismanW (2010) Smart regulation and enforcement of illegal disposal of electronic waste. Criminology and Public Policy9(3): 579–590.
64.
WardlawGBoughtonJ (2006) Intelligence-led policing: The AFP approach. In: FlemingJWoodJ (eds) Fighting Crime Together: The Challenges of Policing and Security Network. Sydney: University of New South Wales Press, 133–149.
65.
WeisburdDTelepCWHinkleJEEckJC (2010) Is problem-oriented policing effective in reducing crime and disorder? Findings from a Campbell systematic review. Criminology and Public Policy9(1): 139–172.
66.
WhiteR (2008) Crimes Against Nature: Environmental Criminology and Ecological Justice. Cullompton, Devon: Willan.
67.
WilliamsJD (1991) Trashing developing nations: The global hazardous waste trade. Buffalo Law Review39: 275–312.
68.
WilliamsP (2001) Transnational criminal networks. In: ArquillaJRonfeldtD (eds) Networks and Netwars: The Future of Terror, Crime and Militancy. Santa Monica, CA: RAND, 61–97.
WrightG (2011) Conceptualising and combating transnational environmental crime. Trends in Organized Crime14(4): 332–346.
71.
YakowitzH (1990) Monitoring and control of transfrontier movements of hazardous wastes: An international overview. In: ZirmKLMayerJ (eds) The Management of Hazardous Substances in the Environment. London: Elsevier Science Publishers, 139–162.
72.
YangYLemieuxF (2010) Cross-Strait police cooperation between Taiwan and China. In: LemieuxF (ed.) International Police Cooperation: Emerging Issues, Theory and Practice. Portland, OR: Willan, 186–203.
