This paper reports findings from a prospective study of a cohort of 321 eight-yearold
children followed up to the age of 25 years. By examining officially recorded and
self-reported delinquent behaviours, the present analysis aimed to distinguish three
types of life course: episodic juvenile delinquency; continued juvenile delinquency
up to adulthood; and late-starting delinquency in early adulthood. The analysis
identifies a variety of risk factors, assessed in childhood and adolescence, that
increase the likelihood of later delinquent behaviour. Some of these risk factors
are common to the three types of delinquency life course, but there are also risk
constellations that are specific to the particular life-course types; these risk
constellations differ in terms of the number and variety of risk factors, and in
terms of the absolute and relative impact of particular risk factors.
Ary, D. V.
,
Duncan, T. E.
,
Duncan, S. C.
and
Hops, H.
(1999).
Adolescent problem behavior: The influence of parents and peers
. Behaviour Research and Therapy37,
217-230
.
2.
Bennett, K. J.
,
Lipman, E. L.
,
Racine, Y.
and
Offord, D. R.
(1998).
Annotation: Do measures of externalising behaviour in normal populations
predict later outcome? Implications for targeted interventions to prevent
conduct disorder
. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry39,
1059-1070
.
3.
Clarke, A. D.
and
Clarke A. M.
(1984).
Constancy and change in the growth of human characteristics
. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry25,
191-210
.
4.
Esser, G.
and
Schmidt, M. H.
(1994).
Children with specific reading retardation - Early determinants and
long-term outcome
. Acta Paedopsychiatrica56,
229-237
.
5.
Esser, G.
,
Schmidt, M. H.
and
Woerner, W.
(1990).
Epidemiology and course of psychiatric disorders in school-aged children -
Results of a longitudinal study
. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry31,
243-263
.
6.
Esser, G.
,
Blanz, B.
,
Geisel, B.
and
Laucht, M.
(1989). Mannheimer Eltern-Interview MEI.
Göttingen: Beltz
.
7.
Esser, G., Schmidt, M. H., Blanz, B., Fätkenheuer, B., Fritz, A.,
Koppe, T., Laucht, M., Rensch, B. and Rothenberger, W. (1992). Prävalenz
und Verlauf psychischer St örungen im Kindes-und Jugendalter.
Zeitschrift für Kinder-und Jugendpsychiatrie 20, 232-42.
8.
Farrington, D. P.
(1995).
The twelfth Jack Tizard memorial lecture. The development of offending and
antisocial behaviour from childhood: Key findings from the Cambridge study
in delinquent development
. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry36,
929-964
.
9.
Forehand, R.
,
Wierson M.
,
Frame, C.
,
Kempton, T.
and
Armistead L.
(1991).
Juvenile delinquency entry and persistence: Do attention problems
contribute to conduct problems?Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry22,
261-264
.
10.
Hämäläinen, M.
and
Pulkkinen, L.
(1995).
Aggressive and non-prosocial behaviour as precursors of criminality
. Studies on Crime and Crime Prevention4,
6-20
.
11.
Hechtman, L.
(1996). Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder.
In
L. Hechtman
(ed.) Do they grow out of it?, 17-38.
Washington D.C.: American Psychiatric Press
.
12.
Hinshaw, S. P.
,
Lahey, B. B.
and
Hart, E. L.
(1993).
Issues of taxonomy and comorbidity in the development of conduct disorder
. Development and Psychopathology5,
31-49
.
13.
Kerner, H. J. and Janssen H. (1996). Langfristverlauf im Zusammenhang von
soziobiographischer Belastung und krimineller Karriere. In H. J. Kerner, G. Dolde
and H. G. Mey (eds) Jugendstrafvollzug und Bewährung. Bonn: Forum
Verlag Godesberg.
14.
Kjelsberg, E.
(1999).
Adolescence-limited versus life-course-persistent criminal behaviour in
adolescent psychiatric inpatients
. European Child and Adolescent Psychiatry8,
276-282
.
15.
Kreuzer, A. (1994). Kriminologische Dunkelfeldforschung. I. Theorie und
Methodik. Neue Zeitschrift f ür Strafrecht 14, 10-16.
16.
Kröber, H.-L., Scheurer, H. and Sass, H. (1994). Zerebrale
Dysfunktion, neurologische Symptome und Rückfalldelinquenz - II. Ergebnisse
des Heidelberger Delinquenzprojekts. Fortschritte der Neurologie
Psychiatrie 62, 223-32.
17.
Lahey, B. B.
,
Waldman, I. D.
and
McBurnett, K.
(1999).
Annotation: The development of antisocial behavior: An integrative causal model
. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry40,
669-682
.
18.
Lay, B., Ihle, W., Esser G. and Schmidt, M. H. (2001). Risikofaktoren
für Delinquenz bei Jugendlichen und deren Fortsetzung bis in das
Erwachsenenalter. Monatsschrift für Kriminologie und
Strafrechtsreform 84, 119-32.
19.
Le Blanc, M.
(1997). A generic control theory of the criminal
phenomenon: The structural and dynamic statements of an integrative multilayered
control theory. In
T. P. Thornberry
(ed.) Developmental theories of crime and delinquency,
215-285.
New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Publishers
.
20.
Loeber, R.
(1990).
Development and risk factors of juvenile antisocial behavior and delinquency
. Clinical Psychology Review10,
1-41
.
21.
Loeber, R.
and
Hay, D. F.
(1994). Developmental approaches to aggression and conduct
problems. In
M. Rutter
and
D. F. Hay
(eds) Development through life: A handbook for clinicians,
448-516.
Oxford: Blackwell Scientific
.
22.
Loeber, R.
and
Stouthamer-Loeber, M.
(1986). Family factors as correlates and predictors of
juvenile conduct problems and delinquency. In
M. Tonry
and
N. Morris
(eds) Crime and justice, vol. 7, 29-149.
Chicago: University of Chicago Press
.
23.
Loeber, R.
,
Farrington D. P.
,
Stouthamer-Loeber, M.
,
Moffitt, T. E.
and
Caspi, A.
(1998).
The development of male offending: Key findings from the first decade of
the Pittsburgh Youth Study
. Studies on Crime and Crime Prevention7,
141-172
.
24.
Lynam, D.
,
Moffitt, T.
and
Stouthamer-Loeber, M.
(1993).
Explaining the relation between IQ and delinquency: Class, race test
motivation, school failure or self-control?Journal of Abnormal Psychology102,
187-196
.
25.
Matsueda, R. L.
and
Heimer, K.
(1997). A symbolic interactionist theory of
role-transitions, role-commitments, and delinquency. In
T. P. Thornberry
(ed.) Developmental theories of crime and delinquency,
163-213.
New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Publishers
.
26.
Matt, E. (1995). Episode und ‘Doppel-Leben’: Zur
Delinquenz Jugendlicher. Monatsschrift f ür Kriminologie und
Strafrechtsreform 78, 153-64.
27.
Moffitt, T. E.
(1993).
Adolescence-limited and life-course-persistent antisocial behavior: A
developmental taxonomy
. Psychological Review100,
674-701
.
28.
Moffitt, T. E.
and
Silva, P. A.
(1988).
Neuropsychological deficit and self-reported delinquency in an unselected
birth cohort
. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry27,
233-240
.
29.
Patterson, G. R.
and
Yoerger, K.
(1997). A developmental model for late-onset
delinquency. In
D. W. Osgood
(ed.) Motivation and delinquency. Nebraska Symposium on
Motivation, vol. 44, 119-177.
Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska Press
.
30.
Patterson, G. R.
,
DeBaryshe, B. D.
and
Ramsey E.
(1989).
A developmental perspective on antisocial behaviour
. American Psychologist44,
329-335
.
31.
Robins, L. N.
(1966). Deviant children grown up.
Baltimore, MD: Williams & Wilkins
.
32.
Robins, L. N.
(1978).
Sturdy childhood predictors of adult antisocial behaviour: Replications
from longitudinal studies
. Psychological Medicine8,
611-622
.
33.
Rutter, M.
and
Quinton, D.
(1977). Psychiatric disorder, ecological factors and
concepts of causation. In
M. McGurk
(ed.) Ecological factors in human development,
173-187.
Amsterdam: Noord-Hollandsche
.
34.
Rutter, M.
,
Giller, H.
and
Hagell, A.
(1998). Antisocial behavior by young people.
Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
.
35.
Sampson, R. J.
and
Laub, J. H.
(1992).
Crime and deviance in the life course
. Annual Review of Sociology18,
63-84
.
36.
Sampson, R. J.
and
Laub, J. H.
(1993). Crime in the making: Pathways and turning points
through life.
Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press
.
37.
Sampson, R. J.
and
Laub, J. H.
(1997). A life-course theory of cumulative disadvantage
and the stability of delinquency. In
T. P. Thornberry
(ed.) Developmental theories of crime and delinquency,
133-161.
New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Publishers
.
38.
Schmidt, M. H., Lay, B., Ihle, W. and Esser, G. (2001). Bedeutung von
Dunkelfelddelikten f ür episodische und fortgesetzte Delinquenz.
Monatsschrift für Kriminologie und Strafrechtsreform 84, 25-36.
39.
Stattin, H.
and
Magnusson, D.
(1995).
Onset of official delinquency: Its cooccurrence in time with educational,
behavioural, and interpersonal problems
. British Journal of Criminology35,
417-449
.
40.
Stelly, W., Thomas, J., Kerner, H.-J. and Weitekamp, E. (1998).
Kontinuität und Diskontinuität sozialer Auffälligkeit im
Lebenslauf. Monatsschrift für Kriminologie und Strafrechtsreform
81, 104-22.
41.
Sutterer, P.
and
Karger, T.
(1994). Self-reported juvenile delinquency in Mannheim,
Germany. In
J. Junger-Tas
,
G.-J. Terlouw
and
M. W. Klein
(eds) Delinquent behavior among young people in the western world,
156-185.
Amsterdam: Kugler Publications
.
42.
Taylor, E.
,
Chadwick, O.
,
Heptinstall, E.
and
Danckaerts, M.
(1996).
Hyperactivity and conduct problems as risk factors for adolescent development
. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry35,
1213-1226
.
43.
Tolan, P. H.
,
Gorman-Smith, D.
and
Loeber, R.
(2000).
Developmental timing of onsets of disruptive behaviors and later
delinquency of inner-city youth
. Journal of Child and Family Studies9,
203-220
.
44.
Tracy, P. E.
,
Wolfgang, M. E.
and
Figlio, R. M.
(1990). Delinquency careers in two birth cohorts.
New York: Plenum Press
.
45.
Vermeiren, R.
,
de Clippele, A.
and
Deboutte, D.
(2000).
Eight month follow-up of delinquent adolescents: Predictors of short term outcome
. European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience250,
133-138
.
46.
Walter, R., Remschmidt, H. and Höhner, G. (1979). Untersuchungen zur
Delinquenz Strafunmündiger. In H. Remschmidt and H.
Schüler-Springorum (eds) Jugendpsychiatrie und Recht. Festschrift
für Hermann Stutte zum 70. Geburtstag am 1. August 1979. Cologne: Heymann.
47.
Wasserman, G. A.
,
Miller, L. S.
,
Pinner, E.
and
Jaramillo, B.
(1996).
Parenting predictors of early conduct problems in urban, high-risk boys
. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry35,
1227-1236
.
48.
WHO (World Health Organization)
(1992). The international statistical classification of
diseases and related health problems, 10th revision [ICD-10]. Chapter V
(F), German version. Verlag Hans Huber.
49.
Wittchen, H.-U.
and
Semler, G.
(1991). Composite International Diagnostic Interview
CIDI.
Weinheim: Beltz
.
50.
Wolfgang, M. E.
,
Figlio, R. M.
and
Sellin, T.
(1972). Delinquency in a birth cohort. Studies on Crime and
Justice.
Chicago: University of Chicago Press
.
51.
Wolfgang, M. E.
,
Thornberry, T. P.
and
Figlio, R. M.
(1987). From boy to man, from delinquency to crime.
Chicago: University of Chicago Press
.
52.
Zeitlin, H.
(1986). The natural history of psychiatric disorder in
children.
Oxford: Oxford University Press
.
