This paper presents the results of brightness matching and brightness discrimination tests carried out using sequential evaluation (temporal juxtaposition) to compare brightness under lamps of different spectral power distribution at mesopic levels of illumination. These data are compared with the results of previous tests, which used simultaneous evaluations (spatial juxtaposition) to enable comparison of these different modes of evaluation. It is concluded that sequential and simultaneous evaluations yield similar estimates of illuminances required for equal spatial brightness and similar levels of precision in this task.
References
1.
Fotios SA, Cheal C.Lighting in subsidiary streets: investigation of SPD effects. Part 2 - Brightness . Lighting Research and Technology2007; 39: 233-252.
2.
Berman SM, Jewett DL, Fein G., Saika G., Ashford F.Photopic luminance does not always predict perceived room brightness . Lighting Research and Technology1990; 22: 37-41.
3.
Vrabel PL, Bernecker CA, Mistrick RGVisual performance & visual clarity under electric light sources: Part II - visual clarity. Journal of the Illuminating Engineering Society1998; 27: 29-41.
4.
Yeshurun Y., Carrasco M., Maloney LTBias and sensitivity in two-interval forced choice procedures: Tests of the difference model. Vision Research2008 ; 48: 1837-1851.
5.
Uchikawa K., Ikeda M.Accuracy of memory for brightness of colored lights measured with successive comparison method. Journal of the Optical Society of America A1986; 3: 34-39.
6.
Bullough JD, Yuan Z., Rea MSPerceived brightness of incandescent and LED aviation signal lights . Aviation, Space and Environmental Medicine2007; 78: 893900.
7.
Hsee CK, Loewenstein GF, Blount S., Bazerman MHPreference reversals between joint and separate evaluations of options: A review and theoretical analysis. Psychological Bulletin1999; 125: 576-590.
8.
Fotios SA, Levermore GJThe perception of electric light sources of different colour properties . Lighting Research and Technology1997; 29: 161-171.
9.
Boyce PR, Cuttle C.Effect of correlated colour temperature on the perception of interiors and colour discrimination. Lighting Research and Technology1990; 22: 19-36.
10.
Jäkel F. , Wichmann FASpatial four-alternative forced-choice method is the preferred psychophysical method for naïve observers. Journal of Vision2006; 6: 1307-1322.
11.
Fotios SAAn error in brightness matching associated with the application of dimming . Lighting Research and Technology2001; 33: 223-231.
12.
Fotios SA, Cheal C.Evidence for response contraction bias in side-by-side matching tasks . Lighting Research and Technology2007; 39: 159-169.
13.
Fotios SA, Houser KW, Cheal C.Counterbalancing needed to avoid bias in side-by-side brightness matching tasks. Leukos2008; 4: 207-223.
14.
Fotios SA, Cheal C.The effect of a stimulus frequency bias in side-by-side brightness ranking tests. Lighting Research and Technology2008 ; 40: 43-54.
15.
Teller DY, Pereverzeva M., Civan ALAdult brightness vs. luminance as models of infant photometry. Journal of Vision2003; 3: 333-346.
16.
Kinney JAS.Sensitivity of the eye to spectral radiation at scotopic and mesopic intensity levels. Journal of the Optical Society of America1955; 45: 507-514.
17.
Boyce PRInvestigations of the subjective balance between illuminance and lamp colour properties. Lighting Research and Technology1977; 9: 11-24.
18.
LaBoeuf RA, Shafir E.The long and short of it: Physical anchoring effects. Journal of Behavioural Decision Making2006; 19: 393-406.
19.
Zheleznikova OE, Myasoedova EIComparison of luminosities of lighting installations with discharge light sources. Light and Engineering1995; 3: 38-39.
20.
Foster DH, Amano K., Nascimento MCColour constancy from temporal cues: better matches with less variability under fast illuminant changes. Vision Research2001; 41: 285-293.
Fairchild MD , Reniff L.Time course of chromatic adaptation for color-appearance judgements. Journal of the Optical Society of America A1995; 12: 824-833.
26.
Shevell SKThe time course of chromatic adaptation. Color Research & Application2001; 26(Supplement): S170-S173.
27.
Braun KM, Fairchild MD, Alessi PJViewing techniques for cross-media image comparisons. Color Research & Application1996; 21: 6-17.
28.
Fotios SAThe effect of chromatic adaptation upon the relationship between lamp spectrum and brightness at photopic levels. Lighting Research and Technology2006; 38: 3-17.
29.
Viénot F., Durand M.-L, Mahler E.The effect of LED lighting on performance, appearance and sensations: CIE Light and Lighting Conference, Budapest. Programme and abstracts, 2009: 19-20.
30.
Koga Y., Takao M.Light response properties of intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells in non-image-forming vision: CIE Light & Lighting Conference, Budapest . Programme and abstracts, 2009: 145-146..
31.
Berman SM, Jewett DL, Benson BR, Law TMDespite different wall colours, vertical scotopic illuminance predicts pupil size. Journal of the Illuminating Engineering Society1997; 26: 59-68.
32.
Wyszecki G. , Stiles WSColor Science: Concepts and Methods, Quantitative Data and Formulae, 2nd Edition, New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1982.
33.
Kasthurirangan S., Glasser A.Age related changes in the characteristics of the near pupil response. Vision Research2006; 46: 1393-1403.
34.
Feinberg R. , Podolak E.Latency of the Pupillary Reflex to Light Stimulation and its Relationship to Aging. Washington DC : Federal Aviation Agency, Office of Aviation Medicine , 1965. Reprinted from Thomas CC.Behavior, Aging and the Nervous System, Welford AT, Birren JE editors, Springfield, Illinois.
35.
Andreassi JLPsychophysiology: Human Behavior and Physiological Response, 4th Edition, Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 2000.
36.
Houser KW, Fotios SA, Royer MPA test of the S/P ratio as a correlate for brightness perception using rapid-sequential and side-by-side experimental protocols. Leukos2009; 6: 119-137.
37.
British Standards Institution (BSI).BS EN 13201-2:2003, Road Lighting - Part 2: Performance Requirements. London: BSI, 2003.
38.
Fotios S., Gado T.A comparison of visual objectives used in side-by-side matching tests . Lighting Research and Technology2005; 37: 117-131.
British Standards Institution (BSI).BS 5489 Road Lighting: Part 3, Code of Practice for Lighting for Subsidiary Roads and Associated Pedestrian Areas. London: BSI, 1992.
41.
Menon A., Bhandarkar S.Predicting polymorphic transformation curves using a logistic equation . International Journal of Pharmaceutics2004; 286: 125-129.
