The importance of wireless sensor networks in structural health monitoring is unceasingly growing, because of the increasing demand for both safety and security in the cities. The speedy growth of wireless technologies has considerably developed the progress of structural monitoring systems with the combination of wireless sensor network technology. Wireless sensor network–based structural health monitoring system introduces a novel technology with compelling advantages in comparison to traditional wired system, which has the benefits of reducing installation and maintenance costs of structural health monitoring systems. However, structural health monitoring has brought an additional complex challenges in network design to wireless sensor networks. This article presents a contemporary review of collective experience the researchers have gained from the application of wireless sensor networks for structural health monitoring. Technologies of wired and wireless sensor systems are investigated along with wireless sensor node architecture, functionality, communication technologies, and its popular operating systems. Then, comprehensive summaries for the state-of-the-art academic and commercial wireless platform technologies used in laboratory testbeds and field test deployments for structural health monitoring applications are reviewed and tabulated. Following that, classification taxonomy of the key challenges associated with wireless sensor networks for structural health monitoring to assist the researchers in understanding the obstacles and the suitability of implementing wireless technology for structural health monitoring applications are deeply discussed with available research efforts in order to overcome these challenges. Finally, open research issues in wireless sensor networks for structural health monitoring are explored.
AvciOAbdeljaberOKiranyazS, et al. Wireless and real-time structural damage detection: a novel decentralized method for wireless sensor networks. J Sound Vibrat2018; 424: 158–172.
4.
JiQParvasiSMHoSCM, et al. Wireless energy harvesting using time reversal technique: an experimental study with numerical verification. J Intell Mater Syst Struct2017; 28(19): 2705–2716.
5.
AygünBCagri GungorV. Wireless sensor networks for structure health monitoring: recent advances and future research directions. Sens Rev2011; 31(3): 261–276.
LynchJPLohKJ. A summary review of wireless sensors and sensor networks for structural health monitoring. Shock Vibrat Digest2006; 38(2): 91–128.
8.
RiceJASpencerBFJr.Flexible smart sensor framework for autonomous full-scale structural health monitoring. Champaign, IL: University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 2009.
9.
SabatoANiezreckiCFortinoG. Wireless MEMS-based accelerometer sensor boards for structural vibration monitoring: a review. IEEE Sens J2017; 17(2): 226–235.
10.
DragosKSmarslyK. A comparative review of wireless sensor nodes for structural health monitoring. In: Proceedings of the 7th international conference on structural health monitoring of intelligent infrastructure (SHMII), Vol. 1, Turin, 1–3 July 2015.
11.
ZhouGDYiTH. Recent developments on wireless sensor networks technology for bridge health monitoring. Mathemat Prob Eng2013; 2013: 947867.
12.
LiuXCaoJSongWZ, et al. Distributed sensing for high-quality structural health monitoring using WSNs. IEEE Trans Paral Distr Syst2015; 26(3): 738–747.
13.
CaoJLiuX. 2016Requirements, challenges, and summary of hardware and software design for a WSN-based SHM system. London: Springer, pp. 7–11.
14.
WangPYanYTianGY, et al. Investigation of wireless sensor networks for structural health monitoring. J Sens2012; 2012: 156329.
15.
NiePJinZ. Requirements, challenges and opportunities of wireless sensor networks in structural health monitoring. In: 3rd IEEE international conference on broadband network and multimedia technology (IC-BNMT), Beijing, China, 26–28 October 2010, pp. 1052–1057. New York: IEEE.
16.
NoelABAbdaouiAElfoulyT, et al. Structural health monitoring using wireless sensor networks: a comprehensive survey. IEEE Comm Surv Tutor2017; 19(3): 1403–1423.
17.
WijetungeSGunawardanaULiyanapathiranaR. Wireless sensor networks for structural health monitoring: considerations for communication protocol design. In: 2010 IEEE 17th international conference on telecommunications (ICT), Doha, Qatar, 4–7 April 2010, pp. 694–699. New York: IEEE.
XuNRangwalaSChintalapudiKK, et al. A wireless sensor network for structural monitoring. In: Proceedings of the 2nd international conference on embedded networked sensor systems, Baltimore, MD, 3–5 November 2004, pp. 13–24. New York: ACM.
20.
ZhangWWanJYangB, et al. An energy efficient routing protocol in wireless sensor network for health monitoring. In: IEEE symposium on electrical & electronics engineering (EEESYM), Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, 24–27 June 2012, pp. 247–250. New York: IEEE.
21.
ZhuLFuYChowR, et al. Development of a high-sensitivity wireless accelerometer for structural health monitoring. Sensors2018; 18(1): 262.
RiceJASpencerBF. Structural health monitoring sensor development for the Imote2 platform. In: TomizukaM (ed.) Sensors and smart structures technologies for civil, mechanical, and aerospace systems, Vol. 6932. Bellingham WA: International Society for Optics and Photonics, 2008, p. 693234.
24.
OuJLiH. Structural health monitoring in mainland China: review and future trends. Struct Health Monitor2010; 9(3): 219–231.
25.
JoHParkJWSpencerBF, et al. Development of high-sensitivity wireless strain sensor for structural health monitoring. Smart Struct Syst2013; 11(5): 477–496.
26.
MoreuFKimRESpencerBF, et al. Railroad bridge monitoring using wireless smart sensors. Struct Contr Health Monitor2017; 24(2): e1863.
27.
ZhangYBaiL. Rapid structural condition assessment using radio frequency identification (RFID) based wireless strain sensor. Automation in Construction2015; 54: 1–11.
MartinoMDanisiALositoR, et al. Design of a linear variable differential transformer with high rejection to external interfering magnetic field. IEEE Trans Magnet2010; 46(2): 674–677.
30.
VeilleuxSAbediAWilkersonC, et al. Wireless linear variable differential transformer design and structural performance analysis. In: 2018 6th IEEE international conference on wireless for space and extreme environments (WISEE), Huntsville, AL, 11–13 December 2018, pp. 152–157. New York: IEEE.
31.
HaqueMEZainMFMHannanMA, et al. Recent application of structural civil health monitoring using WSN and FBG. World Appl Sci J2012; 20(4): 585–590.
32.
SunMStaszewskiWJSwamyRN. Smart sensing technologies for structural health monitoring of civil engineering structures. Adv Civil Eng2010; 2010: 724962.
33.
PangCYuMZhangXM, et al. Multifunctional optical MEMS sensor platform with heterogeneous fiber optic Fabry–Pérot sensors for wireless sensor networks. Sens Actuat A Phys2012; 188: 471–480.
34.
BhuiyanMZAWuJWangG, et al. Towards cyber-physical systems design for structural health monitoring: hurdles and opportunities. ACM Trans Cyber-Phys Syst2017; 1(4): 19.
35.
VieiraMAMda CunhaABda SilvaDC. Designing wireless sensor nodes. In: VassilidasSWongSHämäläinenTD (eds) International workshop on embedded computer systems. New York: Springer, 2006, pp. 99–108.
36.
BischoffRMeyerJFeltrinG. Wireless sensor network platforms. In: BollerCChangFKFujinoY (eds) Encyclopedia of structural health monitoring. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, 2009, pp. 1229–1238.
37.
AnastasiGReGLOrtolaniM. WSNs for structural health monitoring of historical buildings. In: 2nd conference on human system interactions (HSI’09), Catania, 21–23 May 2009, pp. 574–579. New York: IEEE.
38.
TenninaSKoubâaADaidoneR, et al. IEEE 802.15. 4 and Zigbee as enabling technologies for low-power wireless systems with quality-of-service constraints. London: Springer, 2013.
DunkelsAGronvallBVoigtT. Contiki-a lightweight and flexible operating system for tiny networked sensors. In: 29th annual IEEE international conference on local computer networks, Tampa, FL, 16–18 November 2004, pp. 455–462. New York: IEEE.
45.
RousselKSongYQ. A critical analysis of Contiki’s network stack for integrating New MAC protocols. PhD thesis, INRIA, Nancy, 2013.
46.
PentarisFPStonhamJMakrisJP. A cost effective wireless structural health monitoring network for buildings in earthquake zones. Smart Mater Struct2014; 23(10): 105010.
47.
Dos SantosILPirmezLLemosÉT, et al. A localized algorithm for structural health monitoring using wireless sensor networks. Informat Fusion2014; 15: 114–129.
48.
SwartzRAJungDLynchJP, et al. Design of a wireless sensor for scalable distributed in-network computation in a structural health monitoring system. In: Proceedings of the 5th international workshop on structural health monitoring, 2005, pp. 12–14, https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/2d90/3e038c1812ea6fb8665aae9c1bf61aa8a1c9.pdf
49.
WangYLynchJPLawKH. A wireless structural health monitoring system with multithreaded sensing devices: design and validation. Struct Infrastruct Eng2007; 3(2): 103–120.
50.
MascarenasDLToddMDParkG, et al. Development of an impedance-based wireless sensor node for structural health monitoring. Smart Mater Struct2007; 16(6): 2137.
51.
SazonovELiHCurryD, et al. Self-powered sensors for monitoring of highway bridges. IEEE Sens J2009; 9(11): 1422–1429.
52.
HarmsTBanksBSedigh SarvestaniS, et al. Design and testing of a low-power wireless sensor network for structural health monitoring of bridges. In: Sensors and smart structures technologies for civil, mechanical, and aerospace systems, Vol. 7292, p. 72920U, International Society for Optics and Photonics, https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/8ee6/3e0604bf95e55a64da0661783013152b9153.pdf
53.
ZhouDHaDSInmanDJ. Ultra low-power active wireless sensor for structural health monitoring. Smart Struct Syst2010; 6(5–6): 675–687.
54.
SazonovEKrishnamurthyVSchillingR. Wireless intelligent sensor and actuator network-a scalable platform for time-synchronous applications of structural health monitoring. Struct Health Monitor2010; 9(5): 465–476.
55.
MascarenasDDLFlynnEBToddMD, et al. Development of capacitance-based and impedance-based wireless sensors and sensor nodes for structural health monitoring applications. J Sound Vibrat2010; 329(12): 2410–2420.
56.
Lédeczi VölgyesiÁPBarthE, et al. Self-sustaining wireless acoustic emission sensor system for bridge monitoring. London: Springer, 2011, pp. 15–39.
57.
BoccaMErikssonLMMahmoodA, et al. A synchronized wireless sensor network for experimental modal analysis in structural health monitoring. Comp Aided Civil Infrastruct Eng2011; 26(7): 483–499.
58.
BoyleDMagnoMO’FlynnB, et al. Towards persistent structural health monitoring through sustainable wireless sensor networks. In: 2011 seventh international conference on intelligent sensors, sensor networks and information processing (ISSNIP), pp. 323–328, IEEE, https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/abstract/document/6146587
59.
AraujoAGarca-PalaciosJBlesaJ, et al. Wireless measurement system for structural health monitoring with high time-synchronization accuracy. IEEE Trans Instrument Measure2012; 61(3): 801–810.
60.
KevinIWangKSalcicZ, et al. Miniaturized wireless sensor node for earthquake monitoring applications. In: 2012 7th IEEE international symposium on industrial embedded systems (SIES), pp. 323–326, IEEE, https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/abstract/document/6356607
61.
HuXWangBJiH. A wireless sensor network-based structural health monitoring system for highway bridges. Comp Aided Civil Infrastruct Eng2013; 28(3): 193–209.
62.
LiuZYuYLiuG, et al. Design of a wireless measurement system based on WSNs for large bridges. Measurement2014; 50: 324–330.
63.
HuangQTangBDengL. Development of high synchronous acquisition accuracy wireless sensor network for machine vibration monitoring. Measurement2015; 66: 35–44.
ButtarazziBTroianiGLiguoriW, et al. Smart Sensor Box: a real implementation of devices network for structural health monitoring. In: 2015 11th international conference on signal-image technology & Internet-based systems (SITIS), pp. 816–823, IEEE, https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/7400657
66.
YaoHCaoHLiJ. Design and implementation of a portable wireless system for structural health monitoring. Measure Control2016; 49(1): 23–32.
67.
HerrastiZValIGabilondoI, et al. Wireless sensor nodes for generic signal conditioning: application to structural health monitoring of wind turbines. Sens Actuat A Phys2016; 247: 604–613.
68.
PereraRPérezAGarcía-DiéguezM, et al. Active wireless system for structural health monitoring applications. Sensors2017; 17(12): E2880.
69.
WoYLiuWLiK. A novel wireless acoustic emission sensor system for distributed wooden structural health monitoring. Int J Innovat Comp Informat Control2017; 13(4): 1289–1306.
FuHKhodaeiZSFerri AliabadiMH. An event-triggered energy-efficient wireless structural health monitoring system for impact detection in composite airframes. IEEE Internet Things J2019; 6(1): 1183–1192.
72.
JoHSimS-HNagayamaT, et al. Development and application of high-sensitivity wireless smart sensors for decentralized stochastic modal identification. J Eng Mech2011; 138(6): 683–694.
73.
SabatoAFengM. Feasibility of frequency-modulated wireless transmission for a multi-purpose MEMS-based accelerometer. Sensors2014; 14(9): 16563–16585.
74.
SabatoAFengMQFukudaY, et al. A novel wireless accelerometer board for measuring low-frequency and low-amplitude structural vibration. IEEE Sens J2016; 16(9): 2942–2949.
75.
RamosLFAguilarRLourenPB. Operational modal analysis of historical constructions using commercial wireless platforms. Struct Health Monitor2011; 10(5): 511–521.
ContrerasWZiavrasS. Wireless sensor network-based pattern matching technique for the circumvention of environmental and stimuli-related variability in structural health monitoring. IET Wireless Sens Syst2016; 6(1): 26–33.
78.
LiuPLimHJYangS, et al. Development of a stick-and-detect wireless sensor node for fatigue crack detection. Struct Health Monitor2017; 16(2): 153–163.
SurmaczTSlabickiMWojciechowskiB, et al. Lessons learned from the deployment of wireless sensor networks. In: KwiecieńAGajPSteraP (eds) Computer networks. London: Springer, 2013, pp. 76–85.
DondiDDi PompeoATentiC, et al. Shimmer: a wireless harvesting embedded system for active ultrasonic structural health monitoring. In: SENSORS, 2010, pp. 2325–2328, https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/abstract/document/5690935
84.
BellSJ. Staying true to the core: designing the future academic library experience. Portal2014; 14(3): 369–382.
CharcopaDDanielSDemeraG, et al. Diseo e implementacin de un sistema de alerta temprana de sismos mediante redes SWAP con nodos panStamp NRG para la ESPOCH. Thesis, 2016, http://dspace.espoch.edu.ec/handle/123456789/6421
LoubetGTakacsAGardnerE, et al. LoRaWAN battery-free wireless sensors network designed for structural health monitoring in the construction domain. Sensors2019; 19(7): 1510.
90.
LoubetGTakacADragomirescuD. Implementation of a battery-free wireless sensor for cyber-physical systems dedicated to structural health monitoring applications. IEEE Access2019; 7: 24679–24690.
SolahuddinYFIsmailW. Data fusion for reducing power consumption in Arduino-Xbee wireless sensor network platform. In: 2014 international conference on computer and information sciences (ICCOINS), 2014, pp. 1–6, https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/abstract/document/6868379
PaekJChintalapudiKGovindanR, et al. A wireless sensor network for structural health monitoring: performance and experience. In: The second IEEE workshop on embedded networked sensors (EmNetS-II), 2005, pp. 1–9, https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/1469093
95.
ShuWLiuXGuZ, et al. Optimal sampling rate assignment with dynamic route selection for real-time wireless sensor networks. In: Real-time systems symposium, 2008, pp. 431–441, https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/4700456
96.
LindermanLEMechitovKASpencerBF, et al. Real-time wireless data acquisition for structural health monitoring and control. Technical Report 1940-9826. Champaign, IL: Newmark Structural Engineering Laboratory, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 2011.
97.
VasseurJPDunkelsA. Interconnecting smart objects with IP: the next Internet. Burlington, MA: Morgan Kaufmann, 2010.
98.
BhuiyanMZAWangGCaoJ, et al. Energy and bandwidth-efficient wireless sensor networks for monitoring high-frequency events. In: 10th annual IEEE communications society conference on sensor, mesh and ad hoc communications and networks (SECON), 2013, pp. 194–202, https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/6644978
99.
KimSPakzadSCullerD, et al. Health monitoring of civil infrastructures using wireless sensor networks. In: Proceedings of the 6th international conference on information processing in sensor networks, 2007, pp. 254–263, https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/4379685
100.
HackmannGSunFCastanedaN, et al. A holistic approach to decentralized structural damage localization using wireless sensor networks. Comp Comm2012; 36(1): 29–41.
101.
MechitovKKimWAghaG, et al. High-frequency distributed sensing for structure monitoring. In: Proceedings of the first international workshop on human-centered sensing, networking, and systems (INSS’04), Delft, 6–8 November 2004, pp. 101–105. New York: ACM.
102.
ZontaDWuHPozziM, et al. Wireless sensor networks for permanent health monitoring of historic buildings. Smart Struct Syst2010; 6(5–6): 595–618.
103.
WhelanMJJanoyanKD. Design of a robust, high-rate wireless sensor network for static and dynamic structural monitoring. J Intel Mater Syst Struct2009; 20(7): 849–863.
104.
JoHSimSHMechitovKA, et al. Hybrid wireless smart sensor network for full-scale structural health monitoring of a cable-stayed bridge. In: TomizukaM (ed.) Sensors and smart structures technologies for civil, mechanical, and aerospace systems, Vol. 7981. Bellingham WA: International Society for Optics and Photonics, 2011, p. 798105.
105.
ZimmermanATLynchJP. A parallel simulated annealing architecture for model updating in wireless sensor networks. IEEE Sens J2009; 9(11): 1503–1510.
106.
FuTSGhoshAJohnsonEA, et al. Energy-efficient deployment strategies in structural health monitoring using wireless sensor networks. Struct Contr Health Monitor2013; 20(6): 971–986.
107.
FarooqMOKunzT. Contiki-based IEEE 802.15 4 channel capacity estimation and suitability of its CSMA-CA MAC layer protocol for real-time multimedia applications. Mobile Information Systems2015; 2015: 398637.
108.
RaultTBouabdallahAChallalY. Energy efficiency in wireless sensor networks: a top-down survey. Comp Netw2014; 67: 104–122.
109.
AnastasiGContiMDi FrancescoM, et al. Energy conservation in wireless sensor networks: a survey. Ad Hoc Netw2009; 7(3): 537–568.
110.
HuQLiuXWuQ, et al. Cluster-based energy-efficient structural health monitoring using wireless sensor networks. In: International conference on computer science & service system (CSSS), 2012, pp. 1951–1956, https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/6394805
111.
SrisooksaiTKeamarungsiKLamsrichanP, et al. Practical data compression in wireless sensor networks: a survey. J Netw Comp Appl2012; 35(1): 37–59.
112.
ZouZBaoYLiH, et al. Embedding compressive sensing-based data loss recovery algorithm into wireless smart sensors for structural health monitoring. IEEE Sens J2015; 15(2): 797–808.
113.
SkulicJLeungKK. Application of network coding in wireless sensor networks for bridge monitoring. In: IEEE 23rd international symposium on personal indoor and mobile radio communications (PIMRC), 2012, pp. 789–795, https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/6362891
114.
YildirimUOguzOBogdanovicN. A prediction-error-based method for data transmission and damage detection in wireless sensor networks for structural health monitoring. J Vibrat Control2013; 19(15): 2244–2254.
115.
AgarwalDKishorN. Network lifetime enhanced tri-level clustering and routing protocol for monitoring of offshore wind farms. IET Wireless Sens Syst2014; 4(2): 69–79.
MansourkiaieFIsmailLSElfoulyTM, et al. Maximizing lifetime in wireless sensor network for structural health monitoring with and without energy harvesting. IEEE Access2017; 5: 2383–2395.
118.
YangCCaoJLiuX, et al. A high quality event capture scheme for WSN-based structural health monitoring. In: IEEE global communications conference (GLOBECOM), 2012, pp. 622–627, https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/6503182
119.
BhuiyanMZAWuJWangG, et al. Sensing and decision making in cyber-physical systems: the case of structural event monitoring. IEEE Trans Ind Informat2016; 12(6): 2103–2114.
120.
GhoshSKSumanMDattaR, et al. Power efficient event detection scheme in wireless sensor networks for railway bridge health monitoring system. In: IEEE international conference on advanced networks and telecommunications systems (ANTS), 2014, pp. 1–6, https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/7057276
121.
NiuJDengZZhouF, et al. A structural health monitoring system using wireless sensor network. In: 5th international conference on wireless communications, networking and mobile computing, 2009, pp. 1–4, https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/5302988
122.
DavidsonJMoC. Recent advances in energy harvesting technologies for structural health monitoring applications. Smart Mater Res2014; 2014: 410316.
123.
TorahRGlynne-JonesPTudorM, et al. Self-powered autonomous wireless sensor node using vibration energy harvesting. Measure Sci Tech2008; 19(12): 125202.
124.
WardlawJLKaramanIKarsilayanA. Low-power circuits and energy harvesting for structural health monitoring of bridges. IEEE Sens J2013; 13(2): 709–722.
125.
MagnoMJacksonNMathewsonA, et al. Combination of hybrid energy harvesters with MEMS piezoelectric and nano-Watt radio wake up to extend lifetime of system for wireless sensor nodes. In: Proceedings of 2013 26th international conference on architecture of computing systems (ARCS), 2013, pp. 1–6, https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/6468881
126.
FarinholtKMParkGFarrarCR. RF energy transmission for a low-power wireless impedance sensor node. IEEE Sens J2009; 9(7): 793–800.
127.
WangXMortazawiA. Medium wave energy scavenging for wireless structural health monitoring sensors. IEEE Trans Microwave Theory Tech2014; 62(4): 1067–1073.
128.
KimREMechitovKSimSH, et al. Probabilistic assessment of high-throughput wireless sensor networks. Sensors2016; 16(6): E792.
129.
ChinJCRautenbergJMMaCYT, et al. An experimental low-cost, low-data-rate rapid structural assessment network. IEEE Sens J2009; 9(11): 1361–1369.
130.
FedericiFGraziosiFFaccioM, et al. An integrated approach to the design of wireless sensor networks for structural health monitoring. Int J Distribut Sens Netw2012; 8(3): 594842.
131.
LiuXCaoJBhuiyanMZA, et al. Fault tolerant WSN-based structural health monitoring. In: IEEE/IFIP 41st international conference on dependable systems & networks (DSN), 2011, pp. 37–48, https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/5958205
132.
BhuiyanMZAWangGCaoJ, et al. Deploying wireless sensor networks with fault-tolerance for structural health monitoring. IEEE Trans Comp2015; 64(2): 382–395.
133.
BhuiyanMZAWangGWuJ, et al. Dependable structural health monitoring using wireless sensor networks. IEEE Trans Depend Secure Comp2017; 14(4): 363–376.
134.
LiuXCaoJTangS, et al. Fault tolerant complex event detection in WSNs: a case study in structural health monitoring. IEEE Trans Mobile Comp2015; 14(12): 2502–2515.
135.
De SouzaLMSVogtHBeiglM. A survey on fault tolerance in wireless sensor networks. Karlsruhe: Universität Karlsruhe, 2007.
136.
ParadisLHanQ. A survey of fault management in wireless sensor networks. J Netw Syst Manage2007; 15(2): 171–190.
137.
AlwanHAgarwalA. A survey on fault tolerant routing techniques in wireless sensor networks. In: Third international conference on sensor technologies and applications (SENSORCOMM’09), 2009, pp. 366–371, https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/abstract/document/5210891
138.
BhuiyanMZACaoJWangG, et al. Energy-efficient and fault-tolerant structural health monitoring in wireless sensor networks. In: 2012 IEEE 31st symposium on reliable distributed systems (SRDS), 2012, pp. 301–310, https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/6424870
139.
SmarslyKLawKH. Decentralized fault detection and isolation in wireless structural health monitoring systems using analytical redundancy. Adv Eng Software2014; 73: 1–10.
140.
BaoYLiHSunX, et al. Compressive sampling-based data loss recovery for wireless sensor networks used in civil structural health monitoring. Struct Health Monitor2013; 12(1): 78–95.
141.
PentarisFPStonhamJMakrisJP. A review of the state-of-the-art of wireless SHM systems and an experimental set-up towards an improved design. In: EUROCON, 2013, pp. 275–282, https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/6624997
142.
YanGDykeSJ. Structural damage detection robust against time synchronization errors. Smart Mater Struct2010; 19(6): 65001.
143.
SpencerBFJoHMechitovKA, et al. Recent advances in wireless smart sensors for multi-scale monitoring and control of civil infrastructure. J Civil Struct Health Monitor2016; 6(1): 17–41.
144.
FengZQKatafygiotisLS. A method for correcting synchronization errors in wireless sensors for structural modal identification. Procedia Eng2011; 14: 498–505.
145.
NohKLSerpedinEQaraqeK. A new approach for time synchronization in wireless sensor networks: pairwise broadcast synchronization. IEEE Trans Wireless Comm2008; 7(9): 3318–3322.
146.
BaeSK. Time synchronization by double-broadcasting for wireless sensor networks. London: Springer, 2012, pp. 21–28.
147.
AbdaouiAEl FoulyTMAhmedMH. Impact of time synchronization error on the mode-shape identification and damage detection/localization in WSNs for structural health monitoring. J Netw Comp Appl2017; 83: 181–189.
148.
FengZKatafygiotisL. The effect of non-synchronous sensing in wireless sensors on structural modal identification. In: 3rd international conference on computational methods in structural dynamics and earthquake engineering (COMPDYN 2011), Corfu, http://repository.ust.hk/ir/Record/1783.1-38716
149.
NguyenTChanTHRThambiratnamDP. Effects of wireless sensor network uncertainties on Output-only Modal Analysis employing merged data of multiple tests. Adv Struct Eng2014; 17(3): 319–329.
150.
XiaoXTangBDengL. High accuracy synchronous acquisition algorithm of multi-hop sensor networks for machine vibration monitoring. Measurement2017; 102: 10–19.
151.
GaneriwalSKumarRSrivastavaMB. Timing-sync protocol for sensor networks. In: Proceedings of the 1st international conference on embedded networked sensor systems, 2003, pp. 138–149, https://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=958508
152.
MarótiMKusyBSimonG, et al. The flooding time synchronization protocol. In: Proceedings of the 2nd international conference on embedded networked sensor systems, 2004, pp. 39–49, https://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=1031495.1031501
153.
ElsonJGirodLEstrinD. Fine-grained network time synchronization using reference broadcasts. ACM SIGOPS Oper Syst Rev2002; 36: 147–163.
154.
JiangXDTangYLLeiY. Wireless sensor networks in structural health monitoring based on Zigbee technology. In: 3rd international conference on anti-counterfeiting, security, and identification in communication, 2009, pp. 449–452, https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/abstract/document/5276977
155.
KrishnamurthyVFowlerKSazonovE. The effect of time synchronization of wireless sensors on the modal analysis of structures. Smart Mater Struct2008; 17(5): 055018.
156.
WangWDJiangSFZhouHF, et al. Time synchronization for acceleration measurement data of Jiangyin Bridge subjected to a ship collision. Struct Contr Health Monitor2018; 25(1): e2039.
157.
LeiYKiremidjianASKrishnan NairK, et al. Algorithms for time synchronization of wireless structural monitoring sensors. Earthquake Eng Struct Dyn2005; 34(6): 555–573.
158.
HuXWangBHuX. A novel energy-balanced time synchronization protocol in wireless sensor networks for bridge structure health monitoring. In: 2nd international workshop on database technology and applications (DBTA), 2010, pp. 1–5, https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/5658999
159.
WuNLiuCGuoY, et al. Onboard computing for structural health monitoring with smart wireless sensors by modal identification using Hilbert-Huang transform. Mathemat Prob Eng2013; 2013: 509129.
160.
LingQTianZLiY. Distributed decision-making in wireless sensor networks for online structural health monitoring. J Comm Netw2009; 11(4): 350–358.
161.
Andrew SwartzR. Decentralized algorithms for SHM over wireless and distributed smart sensor networks. London: Springer, 2013, pp. 109–131.
162.
SimSHSpencerBFJr.Decentralized strategies for monitoring structures using wireless smart sensor networks. Report 1940-9826. Champaign, IL: Newmark Structural Engineering Laboratory, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 2009.
163.
LingQTianZYinY, et al. Localized structural health monitoring using energy-efficient wireless sensor networks. IEEE Sens J2009; 9(11): 1596–1604.
164.
LiuXCaoJXuY, et al. A multi-scale strategy in wireless sensor networks for structural health monitoring. In: 5th international conference on intelligent sensors, sensor networks and information processing (ISSNIP), 2009, pp. 361–366, https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/5416752
165.
ZouZNagayamaTFujinoY. Efficient multihop communication for static wireless sensor networks in the application to civil infrastructure monitoring. Struct Contr Health Monitor2014; 21(4): 603–619.
166.
PakzadSNFenvesGLKimS, et al. Design and implementation of scalable wireless sensor network for structural monitoring. J Infrastruct Syst2008; 14(1): 89–101.
167.
SimSHCarbonell-MárquezSFSpencerBF, et al. Decentralized random decrement technique for efficient data aggregation and system identification in wireless smart sensor networks. Probabil Eng Mech2011; 26(1): 81–91.
168.
ChoSParkJWSimSH. Decentralized system identification using stochastic subspace identification for wireless sensor networks. Sensors2015; 15(4): 8131–8145.
169.
ParasharKRanjanKR. Distributed data aggregation energy efficient cluster protocol based structural health monitoring. In: International conference of electronics, communication and aerospace technology (ICECA), Vol. 1, 2017, pp. 518–522, https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/8203738
170.
FangKLiuCTengJ. Cluster-based optimal wireless sensor deployment for structural health monitoring. Struct Health Monitor2017; 17: 266–278.
171.
ZimmermanATShiraishiMAndrew SwartzR, et al. Automated modal parameter estimation by parallel processing within wireless monitoring systems. J Infrastruct Syst2008; 14(1): 102–113.
172.
LiaoYMollineauxMHsuR, et al. SnowFort: an open source wireless sensor network for data analytics in infrastructure and environmental monitoring. IEEE Sens J2014; 14(12): 4253–4263.
173.
BhuiyanMZAWangGCaoJ, et al. Sensor placement with multiple objectives for structural health monitoring. ACM Trans Sens Netw2014; 10: 68.
174.
ZhaoXRiKWangN. Experimental verification for cable force estimation using handheld shooting of smartphones. J Sens2017; 2017: 5625396.
175.
YuYHanRZhaoX, et al. Initial validation of mobile-structural health monitoring method using smartphones. Int J Distrib Sens Netw2015; 11(2): 274391.
176.
AbdulkaremMLatipR. Data transmission performance analysis in cloud and grid. ARPN J Eng Appl Sci2015; 10(18): 8451–8457.
ZhaoXYuYLiM, et al. Research on cloud-SHM and its applications. In: Proceedings of the 7th international conference on structural health monitoring of intelligent infrastructure, Turin, 1–3 July 2015.
179.
ShaikhFKZeadallyS. Energy harvesting in wireless sensor networks: a comprehensive review. Renew Sustain Ener Rev2016; 55: 1041–1054.
180.
SudevalayamSKulkarniP. Energy harvesting sensor nodes: survey and implications. IEEE Comm Surv Tutor2011; 13(3): 443–461.
181.
ParkGRosingTToddMD, et al. Energy harvesting for structural health monitoring sensor networks. J Infrastruct Syst2008; 14(1): 64–79.
182.
YiTHLiHNGuM. Optimal sensor placement for structural health monitoring based on multiple optimization strategies. Struct Design Tall Special Build2011; 20(7): 881–900.
183.
AzarbayejaniM. Optimal sensor placement in structural health monitoring (SHM) with a field application on a RC bridge. PhD thesis, The University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, 2009.
184.
ChengPChuahCNLiuX. Energy-aware node placement in wireless sensor networks. In: Global telecommunications conference (GLOBECOM’04), Vol. 5, 2004, pp. 3210–3214, https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/1378943
