In this paper a vibration-based approach to identify a crack in a wind turbine blade is described and demonstrated numerically and experimentally.
Operational modal analysis has been performed before and after a buckling test, and vibration data, gathered from some accelerometers placed along the blade, was used to monitor the integrity of the structure, since the modal parameters are directly influenced by the physical properties of the structures. Additionally a numerical prediction has been done both with a full-scale model and with a one-dimensional model. The results show that this approach is able to estimate successfully the presence of damage and a good numerical and experimental correlation has been found. Finally, some considerations regarding the rotation of the blade in the undamaged and damaged cases have been done.
JamesG. Development of Structural Health Monitoring techniques using dynamic testing. SANDIA REPORT, SAND96-0810 UC-706, April1996.
2.
WordenKFarrarCRHaywoodJ. A review of nonlinear dynamics applications to structural health monitoring. Struct Control Health Monit2008; 15: 540–567.
3.
HahnBDurstewitzMRohrigK. Reliability of wind turbines. Wind Energy: Proceedings of the Euromech Colloquium2007; 329–332.
4.
AdamsDWhiteJRumseyM. Structural health monitoring of wind turbines: method and application to a HAWT. Wind Energy2011; 4: 603–623.
5.
LiHLiD SSongGB. Recent applications of fiber optic sensors to health monitoring in civil engineering. Eng Struct2004; 26: 1647–1657.
6.
FarrarCRWordenK. An introduction to structural health monitoring. Phil Trans R Soc A2007; 365: 303–315.
7.
AmiratYBenbouzidMEHAl-AhmarE. A brief status on condition monitoring and fault diagnosis in wind energy conversion systems. Renew Sustainable Energy Rev2009; 13: 2629–2636.
8.
SørensenBFLadingLSendrupP. Fundamentals for remote structural health monitoring of wind turbine blades, a preproject RISO REPORT, R-1336, May2002.
9.
Marques dos SantosFLPeetersBGielenL. The use of Fiber Bragg Grating sensors for strain modal analysis. In: Proc. IMAC XXXIII, Orlando, FL, 2015.
10.
JoossePBlanchMDuttonA. Acoustic emission monitoring of small wind turbine blades. J Sol Energy Eng2002; 124: 446–454.
11.
SutherlandHBeattieAHanscheB. The application of nondestructive techniques to the testing of a wind turbine blade. SANDIA REPORT, SAND93-1380 UC-261, June1994.
12.
GhoshalASundaresanMJSchulzMJ. Structural health monitoring techniques for wind turbine blades. J Wind Eng Ind Aerodyn2000; 85: 309–324.
13.
RumseyMAPaquetteJA. Structural health monitoring of wind turbine blades. Proc SPIE2008; 6933
RoyKRay-ChaudhuriS. Fundamental mode shape and its derivatives in structural damage localization. J Sound Vib2013; 332: 5584–5593.
16.
PandeyAKBiswasM. Damage detection from changes in curvature mode shapes. J Sound Vib1991; 145: 321–332.
17.
SampaioRPCMaiaNMSilvaJMM. Damage detection in structures: from mode shape to frequency response function methodsJ Sound Vib1999; 226: 1029–1042.
18.
LimongelliMP. Frequency response function interpolation for damage detection under changing environment. Mech Syst Sig Process2010; 24: 2898–2913.
19.
OdgaardPFStoustrupJKinnaertM. Fault tolerant control of wind turbines - A benchmark model. IEEE Trans Control Syst Technol2013; 21: 1168–1182.
20.
OdgaardPF. On usage of Pareto curves to select wind turbine controller tunings to the wind turbulence level. Proceedings of the European control conference (ECC), Linz, Austria, 2015.
21.
OtteD. Development and evaluation of singular value analysis methodologies for studying multivariate noise and vibration problems. PhD Thesis, KU Leuven, Belgium, 1994.
22.
BrinckerRZhangLAndersenP. Modal identification from ambient responses using frequency domain decomposition. In: Proc. IMAC 2000, San Antonio, TX, 2000, pp.625–630.
23.
Van OverscheePDe MoorB. Subspace identification for linear systems: Theory – implementation – applications. The Netherlands: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1996.
24.
HermansLVan der AuweraerHGuillaumeP. A frequency-domain maximum likelihood approach for the extraction of modal parameters from output-only data. In: Proc. ISMA 23, Leuven, Belgium, 1998, pp.367–376.
25.
PeetersBVan der AuweraerHVanhollebekeF. Operational modal analysis for estimating the dynamic properties of a stadium structure during a football game. Shock Vib2007; 14: 283–303.
26.
PeetersBGuillaumePVan der AuweraerH. The Polymax frequency-domain method: a new standard for modal parameter estimation?. Shock Vib2004; 11: 395–409.
27.
SorensenBFToftegaardHLGoutianosS. Improved design for large wind turbine blades of fibre composites (Phase 4) - Summary report. Roskilde: Danmarks Tekniske Universitet, Risoe, 2010.
28.
MegsonTHG. Aircraft structures for engineering students (fifth edition). UK: Butterworth-Heinemann, 2013.
