Aeroacoustic analysis of a small vertical-axis Darrieus wind turbine suitable for urban area applications is performed using numerical simulation and acoustic analogy. The analysis is performed for two helical wind turbine models with three- and four-blade configurations and under different operating conditions. Numerical simulations are performed using the unsteady Reynolds averaged Navier-Stokes method, along with the Ffowcs-Williams and Hawkings aeroacoustic analogy. Validation of the performance of the computational model against experimental data demonstrates its ability to accurately predict the aerodynamic and aeroacoustic behavior of the turbine. The influence of the number of turbine blades and their distance from the center of the turbine on the generated noise is analyzed. The analysis is further focused on the highest power coefficient, obtained at the tip speed ratio of 1.8, and the sound pressure level (SPL) curves recorded by the receivers are analyzed. Predictions show that while the four-blade turbine has a higher SPL than the three-blade one at a downstream position of about four turbine diameters, the situation is reversed at farther downstream positions. The aeroacoustic findings of this research have direct implications for the proper installation of small vertical-axis Darrieus wind turbines in urban areas, where wind turbine generated noise is important.
MakhdoumHPouransariZ. Analytical study of Iran nonrenewable energy resources using hubbert theory. ACS Omega2022; 7(2): 1772–1784.
2.
KumarRRaahemifarKFungAS. A critical review of vertical axis wind turbines for urban applications. Renew Sustain Energy Rev2018; 89: 281–291.
3.
PouransariZBehzadM. Numerical investigation of the aerodynamic performance of a hybrid darrieus-savonius wind turbine. Wind Eng2024; 48(1): 3–14.
4.
GhasemianMAshrafiZNSedaghatA. A review on computational fluid dynamic simulation techniques for Darrieus vertical axis wind turbines. Energy Convers Manag2017; 149: 87–100.
5.
WardhanaWFridayanaEN. Aerodynamic performance analysis of vertical axis wind turbine (VAWT) darrieus type H-rotor using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) approach. In: Proceedings of the 3rd international conference on marine technology. SCITEPRESS - Science and Technology Publications, 2020, pp. 5–11.
6.
DuLIngramGDominyRG. A review of h-darrieus wind turbine aerodynamic research. Proc IME C J Mech Eng Sci2019; 233(23–24): 7590–7616.
7.
ThomsonFLuedemannKPiperW, et al.Potential effects of offshore wind farm noise on fish. Bioacoustics2008; 17: 221–223.
8.
VenkatramanKBrescianiACMaillardJet al.Darrieus wind turbine noise propagation in urban environments using ray tracing2023. DOI: 10.2514/6.2023-3646.
9.
TaylorJEastwickCLawrenceC, et al.Noise levels and noise perception from small and micro wind turbines. Renew Energy2013; 55: 120–127.
10.
WayeKÖhrströmE. PSYCHO-ACOUSTIC characters of relevance for annoyance of wind turbine noise. J Sound Vib2002; 250: 65–73.
11.
TsaiDYHsuHYChenGE, et al.Developing the full-field wind generator integrated with the vertical twin rotors. Int J Electr Power Energy Syst2018; 103: 395–403.
12.
SchmidtJHKlokkerM. Health effects related to wind turbine noise exposure: a systematic review. PLoS One2014; 9(12): 1–28.
13.
AnupAWhaleJUrmeeT. Urban wind conditions and small wind turbines in the built environment: a review. Renew Energy2019; 131: 268–283.
14.
BuchnerAJSoriaJHonneryD, et al.Dynamic stall in vertical axis wind turbines: scaling and topological considerations. J Fluid Mech2018; 841: 746–766.
15.
ZajamsekBYauwenasYDoolanCJ, et al.Experimental and numerical investigation of blade–tower interaction noise. J Sound Vib2019; 443: 362–375.
16.
LaratroAArjomandiMCazzolatoB, et al.Self-noise and directivity of simple airfoils during stall: an experimental comparison. Appl Acoust2017; 127: 133–146.
17.
LiSLiYYangC, et al.Experimental investigation of solidity and other characteristics on dual vertical axis wind turbines in an urban environment. Energy Convers Manag2021; 229: 113689.
18.
ChongTJosephPKinganM. An investigation of airfoil tonal noise at different Reynolds numbers and angles of attack. Appl Acoust2013; 74: 38–48.
19.
PröbstingSScaranoFMorrisSC. Regimes of tonal noise on an airfoil at moderate reynolds number. J Fluid Mech2015; 780: 407–438.
20.
OttermoFMöllerströmENordborgA, et al.Location of aerodynamic noise sources from a 200 kW vertical-axis wind turbine. J Sound Vib2017; 400: 154–166.
21.
RezaeihaAMontazeriHBlockenB. Towards accurate CFD simulations of vertical axis wind turbines at different tip speed ratios and solidities: guidelines for azimuthal increment, domain size and convergence. Energy Convers Manag2018; 156: 301–316.
22.
DessokyALutzTBanggaG, et al.Computational studies on Darrieus VAWT noise mechanisms employing a high order DDES model. Renew Energy2019; 143: 404–425.
23.
UchidaTOhyaY. Micro-siting technique for wind turbine generators by using large-eddy simulation. J Wind Eng Ind Aerod2008; 96: 2121–2138.
24.
SiddiquiMSDurraniNAkhtarI. Quantification of the effects of geometric approximations on the performance of a vertical axis wind turbine. Renew Energy2015; 74: 661–670.
25.
SiddiquiMSDurraniNAkhtarI. Numerical study to quantify the effects of struts and central hub on the performance of a three-dimensional vertical Axis wind turbine using sliding mesh. In: Volume 2: reliability, availability and maintainability (RAM); plant systems, structures, components and materials issues; simple and combined cycles; advanced energy systems and renewables (wind, solar and geothermal); energy water nexus; thermal hydraul. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. https://appliedmechanics.asmedigitalcollection.asme.org/POWER/proceeding-sabstract/POWER2013/56062/V002T09A020/282168.
26.
Raciti CastelliMEnglaroABeniniE. The Darrieus wind turbine: proposal for a new performance prediction model based on CFD. Energy2011; 36: 4919–4934.
BalduzziFBianchiniAMaleciR, et al.Critical issues in the CFD simulation of Darrieus wind turbines. Renew Energy2016; 85: 419–435.
29.
SiddiquiMSKhalidMHZahoorR, et al.A numerical investigation to analyze effect of turbulence and ground clearance on the performance of a roof top vertical–axis wind turbine. Renew Energy2021; 164: 978–989.
30.
RezaeihaAMontazeriHBlockenB. On the accuracy of turbulence models for CFD simulations of vertical axis wind turbines. Energy2019; 180: 838–857.
31.
LighthillMJ. On sound generated aerodynamically I. General theory. Proc R Soc Lond A Math Phys Sci1952; 211: 564–587.
32.
LighthillMJ. Mathematical methods in compressible flow theory. Commun Pure Appl Math1954; 7: 1–10.
33.
CurleN. The influence of solid boundaries upon aerodynamic sound. Proc R Soc Lond A Math Phys Sci1955; 231: 505–514.
34.
WilliamsJEFHawkingsDL. Sound generation by turbulence and surfaces in arbitrary motion. Phil Trans Roy Soc Lond Math Phys Sci1969; 264: 321–342.
35.
SuJLeiHZhouD, et al.Aerodynamic noise assessment for a vertical axis wind turbine using improved delayed detached eddy simulation. Renew Energy2019; 141: 559–569.
36.
AiharaABolinKGoudeA, et al.Aeroacoustic noise prediction of a vertical axis wind turbine using large eddy simulation. Int J Aeroacoustics2021; 20(8): 959–978.
37.
YueQ. Aerodynamic noise prediction and reduction of h-darrieus vertical axis wind turbine. Aust J Mech Eng2023; 21(3): 1093–1102.
38.
WangWYFerngYM. Numerical model for noise reduction of small vertical-axis wind turbines. Wind Energ Sci2024; 9(3): 651–664.
39.
PearsonC.Vertical axis wind turbine acoustics. PhD Thesis, University of Cambridge Press, United Kingdom, 2014. DOI: 10.17863/CAM.14070.
40.
VenkatramanKBrescianiACMaillardJ, et al.Darrieus wind turbine noise propagation in urban environments using ray tracing. In: AIAA AVIATION 2023 forum, San Diego, CA, 12–16 June 2023, p. 3646.
41.
WeberJTautzMBeckerS, et al.Computational aeroacoustic simulations of small vertical axis wind turbine. In: INTER-NOISE and NOISE-CON congress and conference proceedings. Institute of Noise Control Engineering, pp. 4254–4262.
42.
VenkatramanKMoreauSChristopheJet al.Numerical investigation of aerodynamics and aeroacoustics of helical darrieus wind turbines. In AIAA AVIATION 2023 forum, San Diego, CA, 12–16 June 2023. p. 3641.
43.
MohamedM. Reduction of the generated aero-acoustics noise of a vertical axis wind turbine using cfd (computational fluid dynamics) techniques. Energy2016; 96: 531–544.
44.
YueQ. Aerodynamic noise prediction and reduction of h-darrieus vertical axis wind turbine. Aust J Mech Eng2023; 21(3): 1093–1102.
45.
DivakaranURameshAMohammadA, et al.Effect of helix angle on the performance of helical vertical axis wind turbine. Energies2021; 14(2): 393.
46.
WilcoxDTurbulence modeling for CFD, La Canada, California: DCW Industries, 1998.
47.
LakzayiHPouransariZKargarAbjahanM. Numerical and experimental investigation of aerodynamic noise from a cooling fan in a turbulent flow. Int J Aeroacoustics2024; 23(1–2): 38–59.
48.
GleggSDevenportW. Aeroacoustics of low Mach number flows: fundamentals, analysis, and measurement. India: Academic Press, Elsevier, 2017.
49.
WeberJBeckerSScheitC, et al.Aeroacoustics of darrieus wind turbine. Int J Aeroacoustics2015; 14(5–6): 883–902.
50.
ChengQLiuXJiHS, et al.Aerodynamic analysis of a helical vertical Axis wind turbine. Energies2017; 10: 575.
