Application of LES combined with a wave equation for the simulation of noise induced by a flow past a generic side mirror

Abstract

The paper presents validation results of a hybrid simulation method for aeroacoustics in turbulent flows at low Mach numbers. The hybrid method implemented in the Ansys Fluent® CFD package applies a scale-resolving turbulence model to compute the noise sources in an incompressible flow, while the noise propagation is modeled by a wave equation formulated for the acoustic potential. The selected test case deals with a flow and a sound field around a generic side view mirror of a car. The SBES model by Menter, which belongs to the class of the RANS-LES models, is used for the flow simulation. It switches to the Large Eddy Simulation (LES) mode in separated mixing layers and recirculation zone behind the mirror as well as in the following wake, where flow develops intensive turbulence and dominating noise sources. The acoustics wave equation is formulated in the model form of Kaltenbacher et al. and is applied in the time domain. The overall calculation is performed as a transient co-simulation on the same mesh using the finite-volume discretization method for both the flow and the acoustics parts. The wave equation is advanced in time using the HHT-α method. Obtained distribution of the mean wall pressure over the mirror surface closely matches the experimental one. Rich content of the resolved turbulent vortices in the separation zone and good agreement of the calculated and measured wall pressure spectra at sensor locations downstream the mirror evidence a proper LES resolution quality of noise sources. Comparison of the computed noise spectra at the remote microphones with the experimental data demonstrates the sound propagation accuracy and validates the overall aeroacoustics simulation method.

Keywords

Computational aeroacoustics hybrid simulation method wave equation generic side mirror low Mach number scale-resolving simulations

Get full access to this article

View all access options for this article.

References

Lighthill

. On sound generated aerodynamically II. turbulence as a source of sound. Proc R Soc Lond Ser A Math Phys Sci 1954; 222: 1–32.

Curle

. The influence of solid boundaries upon aerodynamic sound. Proc R Soc Lond Ser A Math Phys Sci 1955; 231: 505–514.

Goldstein

M∼E

. Aeroacoustics. New York: McGraw-Hill International Book Co, 1976.

Farassat

Succi

. A review of propeller discrete frequency noise prediction technology with emphasis on two current methods for time domain calculations. J Sound Vibration 1980; 71: 399–419.

Hardin

Pope

. An acoustic/viscous splitting technique for computational aeroacoustics. Theor Comput Fluid Dyn 1994; 6: 323–340.

Oberai

Roknaldin

Hughes

TJR

. Computational procedures for determining structural-acoustic response due to hydrodynamic sources. Computer Methods Appl Mech Eng 2000; 190: 345–361.

Ewert

Schröder

. Acoustic perturbation equations based on flow decomposition via source filtering. J Comput Phys 2003; 188: 365–398.

Seo

Moon

. Linearized perturbed compressible equations for low mach number aeroacoustics. J Comput Phys 2006; 218: 702–719.

Munz

C-D

Dumbser

Roller

. Linearized acoustic perturbation equations for low mach number flow with variable density and temperature. J Comput Phys 2007; 224: 352–364.

10.

Kaltenbacher

Hüppe

Reppenhagen

, et al. Computational aeroacoustics for HVAC systems utilizing a hybrid approach. SAE Int J Passenger Cars - Mech Syst 2016; 9: 1047–1052.

11.

Hartmann

Ocker

Lemke

, et al. Wind noise caused by the a-pillar and the side mirror flow of a generic vehicle model. In: 18th AIAA/CEAS Aeroacoustics Conference (33rd AIAA Aeroacoustics Conference), Colorado Springs, CO, 06 June 2012.

12.

Werner

Würz

Krämer

. Experimental Investigations of Tonal Noise on a Vehicle Side Mirror. In: Dillmann

Heller

Krämer

Wagner

Breitsamter

(eds). New Results in Numerical and Experimental Fluid Mechanics X, Notes on Numerical Fluid Mechanics and Multidisciplinary Design, vol 132. Springer, Cham, 2016, Vol. 32. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-27279-5_68

13.

Siegert

Schwarz

Reichenberger

. Numerical simulation of aeroacoustic sound generated by generic bodies placed on a plate: Part II - Prediction of radiated sound pressure. In: 5th AIAA/CEAS Aeroacoustics Conference and Exhibit, 10–12 May 1999, Bellevue,WA. AIAA 99-1895.

14.

Frank

Munz

. Large eddy simulation of tonal noise at a simplified side-view mirror using a high order discontinuous Galerkin method. In: 22nd AIAA/CEAS Aeroacoustics Conference, Lyon, France, 1 June 2016. AIAA 2016-2847.

15.

Höld

Brenneis

Eberle

, et al. Numerical simulation of aeroacoustic sound generated by generic bodies placed on a plate: part I - prediction of aeroacoustic sources. In: 5th AIAA/CEAS Aeroacoustics Conference and Exhibit, Bellevue,WA, 12 May 1999. AIAA 99-1896.

16.

Wang

, et al. Evaluation of aerodynamic noise generation by a generic side mirror. World Acad Sci Eng Technol 2010; 37: 1288–1295.

17.

Rung

Eschricht

Yan

, et al. Sound radiation of the vortex flow past a generic side mirror. In: 8th AIAA/CEAS Aeroacoustics Conference and Exhibit, Breckenridge, Colorado, 17–19 June 2002. AIAA 2002-2549.

18.

Ask

Davidson

. A numerical investigation of the flow past a generic side mirror and its impact on sound generation. J Fluids Eng Trans ASME 2009; 131: 061102.

19.

Ambo

Yoshino

Kawamura

, et al. Comparison between wall-modeled and wall-resolved large eddy simulations for the prediction of boundary-layer separation around the side mirror of a full-scale vehicle. In: AIAA SciTech Forum - 55th AIAA Aerospace Sciences Meeting, Grapevine, Texas, 9–13 January 2017. AIAA 2017-1661.

20.

Yuan

Yang

. Effects of installation environment on flow around rear view mirror. SAE Int J Passenger Cars - Mech Syst 2017; 10: 580–590.

21.

Chu

Y-J

Shin

Y-S

Lee

S-Y

. Aerodynamic analysis and noise-reducing design of an outside rear view mirror. Appl Sci 2018; 8: 519.

22.

Snegirev

Lupulyak

Grigoriev

, et al. Use of high performance computing for simulations of aerodynamically generated noise in turbulent separated flows. In: West-East High Speed Flow Field Conference, Moscow, 19–22 November 2007.

23.

Lokhande

Sovani

. Computational aeroacoustic analysis of a generic side view mirror. In: SAE Technical Papers; 2003: 01–1698.

24.

Belamri

Egorov

Menter

. CFD simulation of the aeroacoustic noise generated by a generic side view car mirror. In: 13th AIAA/CEAS Aeroacoustics Conference (28th AIAA Aeroacoustics Conference), Rome, Italy, 23 May 2007; . AIAA 2007-3568.

25.

Menter

. Stress-blended eddy simulation (SBES)-a new paradigm in hybrid RANS-LES modeling. Prog Hybrid RANS-LES Model 2018; 137: 27–37.

26.

Menter

. Two-equation eddy-viscosity turbulence models for engineering applications. AIAA J 1994; 32: 1598–1605.

27.

Nicoud

Ducros

. Subgrid-scale stress modelling based on the square of the velocity gradient tensor. Flow, Turbulence and Combustion 1999; 62: 183–200.

28.

Jasak

Weller

Gosman

. High resolution NVD differencing scheme for arbitrarily unstructured meshes. Int J Numer Methods Fluids 1999; 31: 431–449.

29.

Ansys® Ansys Fluent . Release 19.2, Help System, Ansys Fluent Theory Guide. ANSYS, Inc.

30.

Hilber

Hughes

TJR

Taylor

. Improved numerical dissipation for time integration algorithms in structural dynamics. Earthquake Eng Struct Dyn 1977; 5: 283–292.