The head of a breakwater warrants special consideration to achieve the necessary stability at vulnerable part of its structure. To widen the entrance to a harbour, a caisson is used for the breakwater head. Therefore, the wave force on the caisson head under oblique waves was analysed in this study. Physical model tests were performed in a wave tank, where wave loads on two weathering sections (S1 and S2) of the caisson head were measured under oblique-regular and irregular wave attacks. The results have shown that the improved Goda’s method can predict the wave forces on the caisson head. The wave forces on the two sections increased with an increase in the period under different incident angles. The phase lag between the horizontal forces on S1 and S2 was evidently influenced by the incident angle. The relationship between the maximum wave force on one section and its accompanying wave force on another section was described, and the results have demonstrated that under the same incident angle, as the period increased, the maximum wave force of S1/S2 is gradually equal to its accompany wave force of another section.
British standards BS-6349. Maritime Structures Part 7: Guide to the design and construction of breakwaters. London: BSI, 1991.
2.
ChiuYFLinJGChangSC, et al. An experimental study of wave forces on vertical breakwater. J Mar Sci Technol2007; 15(3): 158–170.
3.
HiroiI.The force and power of waves. Engineer1920; 130:184–187.
4.
SainflouG.Essai sur les digues maritimes verticals. Annales Ponts Et Chaussées1928; 98(11): 5–48.
5.
MinikinRR.Winds, waves and maritime structures. 2nd ed.London: Charles Griffin, 1963.
6.
AllsopNWHVicinanzaDMcKennaJE. Wave forces on vertical and composite breakwaters. Report SR4431996; 1–94.
7.
FentonJD.Wave forces on vertical walls. J Waterway Port Coast Ocean Eng1985; 111(4): 693–718.
8.
GodaY. New wave pressure formulae for composite breakwater. In: Proceedings of the 14th international conference on coastal engineering, Copenhagen, Denmark, June 1972, pp. 1702–1720. Reston: ASCE press.
9.
GodaY.Random seas and design of maritime structures. Tokyo, Japan: University of Tokyo Press, 1985.
10.
Japan Standards. Technical standards and commentaries for port and harbor facilities in Japan. Japan: The Overseas Coastal Area Development Institute of Japan, Tokyo 2009.
11.
EM 1110-2-1100. Engineering and design coastal engineering manual. Washington DC: Army Corps of Engineers, 2011.
12.
LiuYLiSChenS, et al. Random wave overtopping of vertical seawalls on coral reefs. Appl Ocean Res2020; 100: 102166.
13.
AllsopNWHMcKennaJEVicinanzaD, et al. New design formulae for wave loadings on vertical breakwaters and seawalls. In: Proceedings of the 25th international conference on coastal engineering, Orlando, FL2–6 September 1996, pp. 2508–2521. Reston: ASCE Press.
14.
BagnoldRA.Interim Report on wave-pressure research. (Includes plates and photographs). J Inst Civ Eng1939; 12:202–226.
15.
OumeraciHPartensckyHWKohlhaseS, et al. Impact loading and dynamic response of caisson breakwaters-results of large-scale model tests. In: Proceedings of 23rd international conference on coastal engineering, Venice, Italy, 4–9 October 1992, pp.1475–1488. Reston: ASCE press.
16.
KortenhausAOumeraciHKohlhaseS, et al. Wave induced up-lift loading of caisson breakwaters. In: Proceedings of the 24th international conference coastal engineering, Kobe, Japan, 23–28 October, 1994, pp. 1298–1311. Reston: ASCE Press.
17.
KlammerPKortenhausAOumeraciH. Wave impact loading of vertical face structures for dynamic stability analysis – prediction formulae. In: Proceedings of the 25th International Conference on coastal engineering, Orlando, FL, 2–6 September 1996, pp. 2534–2547. Reston: ASCE press.
18.
OumeraciHKortenhausAAllsopNWH, et al. Proverbs: Probabilistic design tools for vertical breakwaters. A.A. Balkema Publishers, Amsterdam 2001.
19.
British Standards BS-6349. Maritime Structures Part 1: Code of Practice for General Criteria. London: BSI, 2000.
20.
BullockGNObhraiCPeregrineDH, et al. Violent breaking wave impacts. Part 1: Results from large-scale regular wave tests on vertical and sloping walls. Coast Eng2007; 54:602–617.
21.
CuomoGAllsopWBruceT, et al. Breaking wave loads at vertical seawalls and breakwaters. Coast Eng2010; 57(4): 424–439.
NingDWangRChenL, et al. Extreme wave run-up and pressure on a vertical seawall. Appl Ocean Res2017; 67:188–200.
24.
KaligatlaRBPrasadNMTabssumS.Oblique interaction between water waves and a partially submerged rectangular breakwater. Proc IMechE, Part M: J Engineering for the Maritime Environment2020; 234:154–169.
25.
BattjesJA.Effects of short-crestedness on wave loads on long structures. Appl Ocean Res1982; 4(3): 165–172.
26.
AllsopNWHCalabreseM. Impact loadings on vertical walls in directional seas. In: Proceedings of the 26th international conference on coastal engineering, Copenhagen, Denmark, 22–26 June 1998, pp. 2056–2068. Reston: ASCE press.
27.
CalabreseMAllsopNWHBuccinoM. Effect of random multidirectional wave fields on wave loads on vertical and composite breakwaters. In: Proceedings of the 27th International conference on coastal engineering, Sydney, Australia, 16–21 2000, pp. 1710–1723. Reston: ASCE Press.
28.
TzangSYLiawSR. A design short-crested wave force model for vertical deep-water breakwaters. In: Proceedings of the 25th International conference on coastal engineering, Orlando, FL, 2–6 September 1996, pp. 2492–2507. Reston: ASCE Press.
29.
MadrigalBG.Loads on caisson breakwaters in multidirectional random non-breaking seas. In: Proceedings of 5th International conference on coastal and port engineering in developing countries. Cape town, South Africa, 19–23 April 1999, pp. 1314–1326. Johannesburg.
30.
YuYLiBZhangN.Oblique and multi-Directional random wave loads on vertical breakwater. China Ocean Eng2003; 17(2): 189–201.
31.
LiBYuYYuX.Wave forces acting on vertical walls. China Ocean Eng2008; 22(1): 151–160.
32.
OumeraciH.Review and analysis of vertical breakwater failures—lessons learned. Coast Eng1994; 22:3–29.
33.
TakahashiSTanimotoKShimosakoK.Dynamic responses and sliding of breakwater caisson against impulsive breaking wave forces. In: Proceedings of the International workshop on wave barriers in deep waters. Yokosuka, Japan, 1994, pp. 362–401. Port and Harbour Research Institute.
34.
ShimosakoKTakahashiSTanimotoK. Estimating the Sliding distance of composite breakwaters due to wave forces inclusive of impulsive forces. In: Proceedings of the 24th International conference coastal engineering, Kobe, Japan, 23–28 October 1994, pp. 1580–1594. Reston: ASCE Press.
