The risk of developing vascular disease is greatly increased in people with type 2 diabetes. The use of risk assessment tools is considered. The use of cardiovascular risk tables can underestimate risk by up to 30%. However, multiple risk factor intervention is recognised to be of benefit in reducing vascular risk and treatment strategies should include antiplatelet therapy, a statin and antihypertensive medication.
Conroy RM, Pyorala K., Fitzgerald AP et al. Estimation of ten-year risk of fatal cardiovascular disease in Europe: the SCORE project. Eur Heart J2003;24:987-1003.
2.
Ramsay LE, Haq IU, Jackson PR, Yeo WW, Pickin DM, Payne JNTargeting lipid-lowering drug therapy for primary prevention of coronary disease: an updated Sheffield table. Lancet1996;348:387-8.
3.
Dyslipidaemia Advisory Group on behalf of the scientific committee of the National Heart Foundation of New Zealand.1996National Heart Foundation clinical guidelines for the assessment and management of dyslipidaemia. NZ Med J1996;109:224-31.
4.
Wood D., Durrington PN, Poulter N., McInnes G., Rees A., Wray R.Joint British Recommendations Bon prevention of coronary heart disease in clinical practice. Heart1998;80(suppl 2):S1-S29.
5.
Guzder RN, Goddard HJ, Mullee MA, Gatling W.Testing the validity of the Framingham equation in Type 2 diabetes: a UK community-based 4-year prospective study. Diabet Med2002;19(suppl 2):31.
6.
McEwan P. , Williams JE, Griffiths JD et al. Evaluating the performance of the Framingham risk equations in a population with diabetes . Diabet Med2004;21:318-23.
7.
Stevens RJ, Kothari V., Adler AI, Stratton IMThe UKPDS risk engine: a model for the risk of coronary heart disease in Type II diabetes (UKPDS 56). Clin Sci2001 ;101:671-9.
8.
Song SH, Brown PMCoronary heart disease risk assessment in diabetes mellitus: comparison of UKPDS risk engine with Framingham risk assessment function and its clinical implications. Diabet Med2004;21: 238-45.
9.
De Backer G. , Ambrosioni E., Borch-Johnsen K. et al. European guidelines on cardiovascular disease prevention in clinical practice. Third Joint Task Force of European and Other Societies on Cardiovascular Disease Prevention in Clinical Practice . Eur Heart J2003;24:1601-10.
10.
Heart Protection StudyCollaborative Group.MRC/BHF Heart Protection Study of cholesterol-lowering with simvastatinin 5963 people with diabetes: a randomised placebo-controlled trial. Lancet2003;361:2005-16.
11.
Hall LM, Jung RT, Leese GPControlled trial of effect of documented cardiovascular risk scores on prescribing . BMJ2003;326:251-2.
12.
Brady AJB , Betteridge DJPrevalence and risks of undertreatment with statins. Br J Cardiol2003;10:218-19.
13.
Cannon CP, Braunwald E., McCabe CH et al. Intensive versus moderate lipid lowering with statins after acute coronary syndromes. N Engl J Med2004 ;350:1495-504.
14.
UK Prospective Diabetes Study Group.Tight blood pressure control and risk of macrovascular and microvascular complications in type 2 diabetes: UKPDS 38. BMJ1998;317:703-13.
15.
Hansson L., Zanchetti A., Carruthers SG et al. Effects of intensive blood-pressure lowering and low-dose aspirin in patients with hypertension: principal results of the Hypertension Optimal Treatment (HOT) randomised trial. HOT Study Group. Lancet1998;351:1755-62.
16.
Gaede P., Vedel P., Larsen N., Jensen GV, Parving HH, Pedersen O.Multifactorial intervention and cardiovascular disease in patients with type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med2003;348:383-93.
