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equality for constitutional liberal democracies. It offers an objective
justification for public planning which does not require foundationalism, and fits a
liberal democratic context. In 2001, Rawls’s Justice as Fairness: A
Restatement summarized the revisions to (or clarifications of) his original
theory over the previous 30 years. This article reviews aspects of his theory which
are relevant to public planning, concluding that Rawls offers a normative rationale
for planning, a basis for practical critique, a reason for hope, and a vision of
reasonable, free and equal citizens cooperating to achieve justice as fairness.
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