The effect of cognitive stimulation therapy on daily life activities,depression and life satisfaction of older adults living with dementia in nursing home: Randomized controlled trial

Abstract

Objectives: In this research, it was aimed to evaluate the effects of Cognitive Stimulation Therapy on activities of daily living, depression, and life satisfaction in older adults with dementia in nursing homes. Methods: It is a randomized controlled experimental study. The study consisted of a total of 60 older adults, 30 in the intervention group and 30 in the control group, in two different nursing homes. Results: In the post-CST comparison, BADLI posttest measurements, IADLS posttest, follow-up test measurements (p < .001, Fr = 45.982, Fr = 42.54) and SWLS posttest (p < .001, Fr = 38.47) of the individuals in the intervention group measurements were significantly higher. The mean depression level of the CSDD posttest and follow-up test intervention group was significantly lower (p < .001, F = 0.402). Conclusion: It was found that Cognitive Stimulation Therapy is effective in increasing the levels of daily life activity and life satisfaction and reducing the level of depression in older adults with dementia. It is recommended to be used by psychiatric nurses.

Keywords

activities of daily living cognitive stimulation therapy dementia depression satisfaction with life psychiatric nurse

Get full access to this article

View all access options for this article.

References

Aguirre

Woods

R. T.

Spector

Orrell

(2013). Cognitive stimulation for dementia: A systematic review of the evidence of effectiveness from randomised controlled trials. Ageing Research Reviews, 12(1), 253–262. DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2012.07.001.

Akintola

A. A.

Achterberg

W. P.

Caljouw

M. A.

(2019). Non-pharmacological interventions for improving quality of life of long-term care residents with dementia: A scoping review protocol. BMJ Open, 9(12), Article e032661. DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2019-032661.

Alexopoulos

G. S.

Abrams

R. C.

Young

R. C.

Shamoian

C. A.

(1988). Cornell scale for depression in dementia. Biological Psychiatry, 23(3), 271–284. DOI: 10.1016/0006-3223(88)90038-8.

Allward

Dunn

Forshaw

Rewston

Wass

(2020). Mental wellbeing in people with dementia following Cognitive Stimulation Therapy: Innovative practice. Dementia, 19(2), 496–504. DOI: 10.1177/1471301217722443.

Altıparmak

(2009). Life satisfaction, social support levels and affecting factors of olderly people living in nursing homes. Journal of Health Sciences Medical Firat University, 23(3), 159–164.

Amuk

Karadağ

Oğuzhanoğlu

(2003). Validity and reliability of Cornell depression scale in dementia in Turkish olderly population. Turkish Journal of Psychiatry, 14(4), 263–271. https://jag.journalagent.com/kpd/pdfs/KPD_12_1_21_34.pdf

Aslan

Hocaoğlu

Ç.

(2017). Psychiatric problems associated with aging and the aging period. Journal of Duzce University Institute of Health Sciences, 7(1), 53–62. https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/download/article-file/343561

Bağ

(2014). Mental health and problems in old age. In Cam

Engin

(Eds.), The art of care for mental health and diseases nursing (1st ed., p. 781). Istanbul Medicine Bookstore.

Bekmezci

Mert

İ. S.

(2018). Turkish validity and reliability study of life satisfaction scale. Journal of Social Sciences Toros University İİSBF, 5(8), 166–177. https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/download/article-file/491811

10.

Bilir

Subaşı

N. P.

(2006). Problems of old age. In Güler

Ç.

Akın

(Eds.), Basic information on public health (pp. 1020–1025). Hacettepe University Publications.

11.

Cafferata

R. M. T.

Hicks

von Bastian

C. C.

(2021). Effectiveness of cognitive stimulation for dementia: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Psychological Bulletin, 147(5), 455–476. DOI: 10.1037/bul0000325.

12.

Chen

(2022). Effectiveness of cognitive stimulation therapy (CST) on cognition, quality of life and neuropsychiatric symptoms for patients living with dementia: A meta-analysis. Geriatric Nursing, 47, 201–210. DOI:10.1016/j.gerinurse.2022.07.012.

13.

Cheng

S. T.

(2016). Cognitive reserve and the prevention of dementia: The role of physical and cognitive activities. Current Psychiatry Reports, 18(9), 85. DOI: 10.1007/s11920-016-0721-2.

14.

Dafsari

F. S.

Jessen

(2020). Depression-an underrecognized target for prevention of dementia in Alzheimer’s disease. Translational Psychiatry, 10(1), 160. DOI: 10.1038/s41398-020-0839-1.

15.

Dağlı

Baysal

(2016). Adaptation of life satisfaction scale into turkish: validity and reliability. Journal of Electronic Social Sciences, 15(59), 1250–1262. DOI:10.17755/esosder.263229.

16.

Dewitte

Vandenbulcke

Schellekens

Dezutter

(2021). Sources of well-being for older adults with and without dementia in residential care: Relations to presence of meaning and life satisfaction. Aging & Mental Health, 25(1), 170–178. DOI: 10.1080/13607863.2019.1691144.

17.

Diener

Emmons

R. A.

Larsen

R. J.

Griffin

(1985). The satisfaction with life scale. Journal of Personality Assessment, 49(1), 71–75. DOI: 10.1207/s15327752jpa4901_13.

18.

D’Onofrio

Sancarlo

Addante

Ciccone

Cascavilla

Paris

Elia

A. C.

Nuzzaci

Picoco

Greco

Panza

Pilotto

(2015). A pilot randomized controlled trial evaluating an integrated treatment of rivastigmine transdermal patch and cognitive stimulation in patients with Alzheimer’s disease. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 30(9), 965–975. DOI: 10.1002/gps.4247.

19.

Folstein

M. F.

Folstein

S. E.

McHugh

P. R.

(1975). “Mini-mental state”. A practical method for grading the cognitive state of patients for the clinician. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 12(3), 189–198. DOI: 10.1016/0022-3956(75)90026-6.

20.

GBD . (2019). Dementia forecasting collaborators. Estimation of the global prevalence of dementia in 2019 and forecasted prevalence in 2050: An analysis for the global burden of disease study 2019. (2022). The Lancet Public Health, 7(2), 2105–2125. DOI:10.1016/S2468-2667(21)00249-8.

21.

Giebel

C. M.

Sutcliffe

Challis

(2015). Activities of daily living and quality of life across different stages of dementia: A UK study. Aging & Mental Health, 19(1), 63–71. DOI: 10.1080/13607863.2014.915920.

22.

Gilmore

M. C.

Stebbins

Argüelles-Borge

Trinidad

Golden

C. J.

(2020). Development and treatment of aggression in individuals with dementia. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 54, 101415. DOI:10.1016/j.avb.2020.101415.

23.

Göktaş

Özkan

İ.

(2006). Depression in the olderly. Psychiatry in Turkey, 8(1), 30–37.

24.

Güngen

Ertan

Eker

Yaşar

Engin

(2002). The validity and reliability of standardized mini mental test in the diagnosis of mild dementia in Turkish population. Turkish Journal of Psychiatry, 13(4), 273–281. https://tr-scales.arabpsychology.com/wp-content/uploads/pdf/standardize-mini-mental-test-toad.pdf

25.

Güzel

Yamaç

S. U.

Turan

Üner

(2019). Turkish validity and reliability of the Lawton instrumental activities of daily living scale. Turkish Journal of Public Health, 22(1), 59–71. DOI:10.20518/tjph.1364063.

26.

Haugan

(2014). The relationship between nurse patient interaction and meaning in life in cognitively intact nursing home patients. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 70(1), 107–120. DOI: 10.1111/jan.12173.

27.

Huri

Kayıhan

(2014). Investigation of the relationship between the level of independence in activities of daily living and cognitive function variables in geriatric individuals. Journal of Occupational Therapy and Rehabilitation, 2(1), 1–10. https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/download/article-file/388637

28.

Jean

Bergeron

M. E.

Thivierge

Simard

(2010). Cognitive intervention programs for individuals with mild cognitive impairment: Systematic review of the literature. American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry: Official Journal of the American Association for Geriatric Psychiatry, 18(4), 281–296. DOI: 10.1097/JGP.0b013e3181c37ce9.

29.

Jiménez Palomares

González López-Arza

M. V.

Garrido Ardila

E. M.

Rodríguez Domínguez

Rodríguez Mansilla

(2021). Effects of a cognitive rehabilitation programme on the independence performing activities of daily living of persons with dementia- A pilot randomized controlled trial. Brain Sciences, 11(3), 319. DOI: 10.3390/brainsci11030319.

30.

Keskinoglu

Ucku

Yener

Yaka

Kurt

Tunca

(2009). Reliability and validity of revised Turkish version of Mini Mental State Examination (rMMSE-T) in community-dwelling educated and uneducated elderly. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 24(11), 1242–1250. DOI: 10.1002/gps.2252.

31.

Kim

Han

J. W.

Seo

Kim

Y. J.

Park

J. H.

Lee

S. B.

Lee

J. J.

Jeong

H. G.

Kim

T. H.

Kim

K. W.

(2017). Cognitive stimulation as a therapeutic modality for dementia: A meta-analysis. Psychiatry Investigation, 14(5), 626–639. DOI: 10.4306/pi.2017.14.5.626.

32.

Kim

Choe

Lee

(2020). Depression, loneliness, social support, activities of daily living, and life satisfaction in older adults at high risk of dementia. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(24), 9448. DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17249448.

33.

Küçükdeveci

A. A.

Yavuzer

Tennant

Süldür

Sonel

Arasil

(2000). Adaptation of the modified Barthel index for use in physical medicine and rehabilitation in Turkey. Scandinavian Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine, 32(2), 87–92.

34.

Lawton

M. P.

Brody

E. M.

(1969). Assessment of older people: Self-maintaining and instrumental activities of daily living. The Gerontologist, 9(3), 179–186. DOI: 10.1093/geront/9.3_Part_1.179.

35.

Leyhe

ReynoSWLS

F. C.

Melcher

Linnemann

Klöppel

Blennow

Zetterberg

Dubois

Lista

Hampel

(2016). A common challenge in older adults: Classification, overlap, and therapy of depression and dementia. Alzheimer’s and Dementia, 13(1), 59–71. DOI:10.1016/j.jalz.2016.08.007.

36.

Lok

Buldukoğlu

(2014). Psychosocial practices to increase cognitive activity in dementia. Current Approaches in Psychiatry, 6(3), 210–216. https://link.gale.com/apps/doc/A558814805/AONE?u=anon∼f0a487b4&sid=googleScholar&xid=9b6ffc6b

37.

Lok

Buldukoğlu

Barcın

(2020). Effects of the cognitive stimulation therapy based on Roy’s adaptation model on Alzheimer’s patients’ cognitive functions, coping‐adaptation skills, and quality of life: A randomized controlled trial. Perspectives in Psychiatric Care, 56(3), 581–592. DOI: 10.1111/ppc.12472.

38.

Mahoney

F. I.

Barthel

D. W.

(1965). Functional evaluation: The Barthel index: A simple index of independence useful in scoring improvement in the rehabilitation of the chronically ill. Maryland State Medical Journal, 14, 61–65.

39.

Marinho

Bertrand

Naylor

Bomilcar

Laks

Spector

Mograbi

D. C.

(2021). Cognitive stimulation therapy for people with dementia in Brazil (CST‐Brasil): Results from a single blind randomized controlled trial. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 36(2), 286–293. DOI: 10.1002/gps.5421.

40.

Molloy

D. W.

Standish

T. I.

(1997). A guide to the standardized mini-mental state examination. International Psychogeriatrics, 9(Suppl 1), 87–150. DOI: 10.1017/s1041610297004754.

41.

Neugarten

B. L.

Havighurst

R. J.

Tobin

S. S.

(1961). The measurement of life satisfaction. Journal of Gerontology, 16(2), 134–143. DOI:10.1093/geronj/16.2.134.

42.

Niu

Y. X.

Tan

J. P.

Guan

J. Q.

Zhang

Z. Q.

Wang

L. N.

(2010). Cognitive stimulation therapy in the treatment of neuropsychiatric symptoms in Alzheimer’s disease: A randomized controlled trial. Clinical Rehabilitation, 24(12), 1102–1111. DOI: 10.1177/0269215510376004.

43.

Orak

O. S.

Kaçmaz

(2022). Geriatric Depression. In Kabataş Yıldız

(Ed.), Geriatric Psychiatry (pp. 87–98). Nobel Academic Publishing.

44.

Orrell

Aguirre

Spector

Hoare

Woods

Streater

Donovan

Hoe

Knapp

Whitaker

Russell

(2014). Maintenance cognitive stimulation therapy for dementia: Single-blind, multicentre, pragmatic randomised controlled trial. The British Journal of Psychiatry: The Journal of Mental Science, 204(6), 454–461. DOI: 10.1192/bjp.bp.113.137414.

45.

Öztürk

M. O.

Uluşahin

(2018). Mental health and disorders (15th ed., pp. 493–509). Nobel Medical Bookstores.

46.

Parbury

S. J.

(2014). Neurocognitive disorders. In Halter

J. M.

(Ed.), Varcarolis’ foundations of psychiatric mental health nursing: A clinical approach (7th ed., pp. 431–456). Elsevier.

47.

Pössel

Black

S. W.

(2014). Testing three different sequential mediational interpretations of Beck’s cognitive model of the development of depression. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 70(1), 72–94. DOI: 10.1002/jclp.22001.

48.

Rai

Yates

Orrell

(2018). Cognitive stimulation therapy for dementia. Clinics in Geriatric Medicine, 34(4), 653–665. DOI: 10.1016/j.cger.2018.06.010.

49.

Saragih

I. D.

Tonapa

S. I.

Saragih

I. S.

Lee

B. O.

(2022). Effects of cognitive stimulation therapy for people with dementia: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled studies: Cognitive stimulation therapy for dementia care. International Journal of Nursing Studies, 128, 104181. DOI:10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2022.104181.

50.

Softa

K. H.

Karaahmetoğlu

U. G.

Erdoğan

Yavuz

(2015). Investigation of some factors affecting life satisfaction in the olderly. Journal of Research on Olderly Problems, 8(1), 12–21. https://dergipark.org.tr/en/download/article-file/203242

51.

Spector

Thorgrimsen

Woods

Royan

Davies

Butterworth

Orrell

(2003). Efficacy of an evidence-based cognitive stimulation therapy programme for people with dementia: Randomised controlled trial. The British Journal of Psychiatry: The Journal of Mental Science, 183, 248–254. DOI:10.1192/bjp.183.3.248.

52.

Stewart

D. B.

Berg-Weger

Tebb

Sakamoto

Roselle

Downing

Lundy

Hayden

(2017). Making a difference: A study of cognitive stimulation therapy for persons with dementia. Journal of Gerontological Social Work, 60(4), 300–312. DOI: 10.1080/01634372.2017.1318196.

53.

St John

P. D.

Montgomery

P. R.

(2010). Cognitive impairment and life satisfaction in older adults. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 25(8), 814–821. DOI: 10.1002/gps.2422.

54.

Streater

Spector

Aguirre

Orrell

(2016). Cognitive Stimulation Therapy (CST) for people with dementia in practice: An observational study. British Journal of Occupational Therapy, 79(12), 762–767. DOI: 10.1177/0308022616668358.

55.

Sun

Mainland

B. J.

Ornstein

T. J.

Mallya

Fiocco

A. J.

Sin

G. L.

Shulman

K. I.

Herrmann

(2018). The association between cognitive fluctuations and activities of daily living and quality of life among institutionalized patients with dementia. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 33(2), e280–e285. DOI: 10.1002/gps.4788, https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/gps.4788

56.

Tanaka

Nagata

Ishimaru

Ogawa

Fukuhara

Nishikawa

(2020). Clinical factors associated with activities of daily living and their decline in patients with severe dementia. Psychogeriatrics: The Official Journal of the Japanese Psychogeriatric Society, 20(3), 327–336. DOI: 10.1111/psyg.12502.

57.

Theofanidis

Fountouki

Kotrotsiou

(2021). Nursing interventions in Alzheimer’s disease: A concise practical guide for everyday use. International Journal of Caring Sciences, 14(1), 106. https://www.proquest.com/scholarly-journals/nursing-interventions-alzheimers-disease-concise/docview/2537157179/se-2

58.

Thoemmes

(2012). Propensity score matching in SPSS. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/221660742_Propensity_score_matching_in_SPSS

59.

Tuncay

Ö. F.

Fertelli

K. T.

(2018). The relationship of cognitive functions with activities of daily living and life satisfaction in older adults. Journal of Dokuz Eylul University Faculty of Medicine, 32(3), 183–190. DOI: 10.5505/deutfd.2018.82712.

60.

Turan

G. F.

(2018). Cognitive stimulation therapy and geriatrics applications: A meta analysis. International Journal of Social Research, 60(11), 633–636. https://www.sosyalarastirmalar.com/articles/cognitive-stimulation-therapy-and-geriatric-applications-a-meta-analysis.pdf

61.

Uyanık

Başyiğit

(2018). The view of the older adult population in the demographic structure and policy examples in the perspective of active aging approach. Journal of Work and Life, 4(8), 273–310. https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/download/article-file/941382

62.

Watt

J. A.

Goodarzi

Veroniki

A. A.

Nincic

Khan

P. A.

Ghassemi

Lai

Treister

Thompson

Schneider

Tricco

A. C.

Straus

S. E.

(2021). Comparative efficacy of interventions for reducing symptoms of depression in people with dementia: Systematic review and network meta-analysis. BMJ, 372, n532. DOI:10.1136/bmj.n532.

63.

Westbrook

J. I.

Duffield

Creswick

N. J.

(2011). How much time do nurses have for patients? A longitudinal study quantifying hospital nurses’ patterns of task time distribution and interactions with health professionals. BMC Health Services Research, 11(1), 1–12. DOI: 10.1186/1472-6963-11-319.

64.

Wolf

M. U.

Goldberg

Freedman

(2018). Aggression and agitation in dementia. Continuum: Lifelong Learning in Neurology, 24(3), 783–803. DOI: 10.1212/CON.0000000000000605.

65.

Woods

Rai

H. K.

Elliott

Aguirre

Orrell

Spector

(2023). Cognitive stimulation to improve cognitive functioning in people with dementia. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 2023(1), 1–47. DOI:10.1002/14651858.CD005562.pub3, https://www.cochranelibrary.com/cdsr/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD005562.pub3/abstract

66.

World Health Organization . (2012). Dementia: A public health priority (pp. 6–10). WHO. https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/75263

67.

World Health Organization . (2015). World Report on Aging and Health. https://www.who.int/ageing/events/world-report-2015-launch/en/ Date of access:10.11.2022

68.

World Health Organization . (2020). United nations, department of economic and social affairs, population division population ageing 2019. WHO. https://www.who.int/data/maternal-newborn-child-adolescent-ageing/ageing-data/ageing---demographics Dateofaccess 11 04 2022.

69.

World Health Organization . (2022a). Dementia. WHO. https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/dementia Date of access: 11.11.2022.

70.

World Health Organization . (2022b). Ageing. WHO. https://www.who.int/healthtopics/ageing#tab=tab_1 Date of access: 04.11.2022.

71.

Yüksel

Yılmaz

E. B.

(2022). Evaluation of life satisfaction in olderly individuals staying in a nursing home. Journal of Health Sciences Eastern Black Sea, 1(1), 16–24. https://dergipark.org.tr/en/download/article-file/2516645