This article is a reflection on conceptual foundations of cultural management research. By relying on extant literature, a few conceptual underpinnings are examined and criticized, and some suggestions for improvement are proposed. Discussing such issues can be useful not only for advancing future research but also for achieving a more profound understanding of previous studies and their limitations.
Abramson, N. R. , Lane, H. W. , Nagai, H. and Takagi, H. (1993) ‘A Comparison of Canadian and Japanese Cognitive Styles: Implications for Management Interaction’ , Journal of International Business Studies24(3): 575-587 .
2.
Adler, N. J. (1983) ‘A Typology of Management Studies Involving Culture’ , Journal of International Business Studies14(2): 29-47 .
3.
Ajiferuke, M. and Boddewyn, J. (1970) ‘Culture and Other Explanatory Variables in Comparative Management Studies’ , Academy of Management Journal13: 153-163 .
4.
Arbnor, I. and Bjerke, B. (1997) Methodology for Creating Business Knowledge, 2nd edn.Thousand Oaks, London and New Delhi: Sage .
5.
Au, Kevin Y. (1999) ‘Intra-cultural Variation: Evidence and Implications for International Business’ , Journal of International Business Studies30(4): 799-812 .
6.
Aycan, Z. (2000) ‘Cross-cultural Industrial and Organizational Psychology: Contributions, Past Developments and Future Directions’ , Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology31(1): 110-128 .
7.
Barkema, H. G. and Vermeulen, F. (1997) ‘What Differences in the Cultural Backgrounds of Partners are Detrimental for International Joint Ventures?’ , Journal of International Business Studies28(4): 845-864 .
8.
Baskerville, R. F. (2003) ‘Hofstede Never Studied Culture’ , Accounting, Organizations and Society28: 1-14 .
9.
Berry, J. W. (1980) ‘Acculturation as Varieties of Adaptation’, in A. M. Padilla (ed.) Acculturation in Theory, Models and Some New Findings. Boulder, CO: Westview Press .
10.
Bhagat, R. S. and McQuaid, S. J. (1982) ‘The Role of Subjective Culture in Organizations: A Review and Directions for Future Research’ , Journal of Applied Psychology Monographs67(5): 653-685 .
11.
Brett, J. M. , Tinsley, C. H. , Janssens, M. , Barsness, Z. I. and Lytle, A. L. (1997) ‘New Approaches to the Study of Culture in Industrial/Organizational Psychology’, in P. C. Earley and M. Erez (eds) New Perspectives on International/Industrial Organizational Psychology. San Francisco: New Lexington Press .
12.
Cavusgil, S. T. and Das, A. (1997) ‘Methodological Issues in Empirical Cross-cultural Research: A Survey of the Management Literature and a Framework’ , Management International Review37(1): 71-96 .
13.
Cray, D. and Mallory, G. (1998) Making Sense of Managing Culture. London: Thompson International .
14.
Delanty, G. (1997) Social Science: Beyond Constructivism and Realism. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press .
15.
Dowling, P. J. , Welch, D. E. and Schuler, R. S. (1999) International HRM: Managing People in a Multinational Context, 3rd edn.Cincinnati, OH: South-Western College Publishing .
16.
Dupriez, P. and Simons, S. (2000) La résistance culturelle: fondements, applications et implications du management interculturel. Brussels: De Boeck Larcier.
17.
Earley, P. C. and Singh, H. (1995) ‘International and Intercultural Management Research: What’s Next?’ , Academy of Management Journal38(2): 327-340 .
18.
Erez, M. and Gati, E. (2004) ‘A Dynamic, Multilevel Model of Culture: From the Micro Level of the Individual to the Macro Level of a Global Culture’ , Applied Psychology: An International Review53(4): 583-598 .
19.
Fischer, R. , Ferreira, M. C. , Assmar, E. , Redford, P. and Harb, C. (2005) ‘Organizational Behaviour across Cultures: Theoretical and Methodological Issues for Developing Multilevel Frameworks Involving Culture’ , International Journal of Cross Cultural Management5(1): 27-48 .
20.
Geertz, C. (1974) The Interpretation of Cultures. New York: Basic Books .
21.
Gertsen, M. C. and Soderberg, A. (1998) Foreign Acquisitions in Denmark: Cultural Dimensions of International Mergers and Acquisitions. Berlin: de Gruyter .
22.
Goodnow, J. D. and Hansz, J. E. (1972) ‘Environmental Determinants of Overseas Market Entry Strategies’ , Journal of International Business Studies3(1): 33-50 .
23.
Hall, E. T. (1960) ‘The Silent Language of Overseas Business’ , Harvard Business Review38(3): 87-95 .
24.
Hampden-Turner, C. and Trompenaars, F. (1993) The Seven Cultures of Capitalism: Value Systems for Creating Wealth in the United States, Britain, Japan, Germany, France, Sweden, and the Netherlands. New York: Doubleday .
25.
Harris, P. and Moran, R. (1979) Managing Cultural Differences. Houston, TX: Gulf Publishing .
26.
Harzing, A. W. (2003) ‘The Role of Culture in Entry Mode Studies: From Negligence to Myopia?’ , Advances in International Management (15): 75-127 .
27.
Hennart, J. F. and Larimo, J. (1998) ‘The Impact of Culture on the Strategy of Multinational Enterprises: Does National Origin Affect Ownership Decisions?’ , Journal of International Business Studies29(3): 515-538 .
28.
Hersch, L. and Style, C. (2001), ‘International Joint Ventures: A Political Economy Framework’ , Australasian Marketing Journal9(1): 20-32 .
29.
Hoecklin, L. (1995) Managing Cultural Differences: Strategies for Competitive Advantage. London: Economist Intelligence Unit/Addison Wesley .
30.
Hofstede, G. (1980) Culture’s Consequences: International Differences in Work-related Values. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage .
31.
Hofstede, G. (1994) Cultures and Organizations: Software of the Mind: Intercultural Cooperation and Its Importance for Survival. London: HarperCollins .
32.
Hofstede, G. (1999) ‘Management in the 21st Century’ , Organizational Dynamics28(1): 34-43 .
33.
House, R. J. , Hanges, P. J. , Javidan, M. , Dorfman, P. W. and Gupta, V. (eds) (2004) Culture, Leadership and Organizations: The GLOBE Study of 62 Societies. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage .
34.
Inglehart, R. F. (1997) Modernization and Post-modernization: Cultural, Economic and Political Change in 43 Societies. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press .
35.
Inglehart, R. and Baker, W. (2000) ‘Modernization, Cultural Change, and the Persistence of Traditional Values’ , American Sociological Review65: 19-51 .
36.
Inglehart, R. and Welzel, C. (2005) Modernization, Cultural Change, and Democracy: The Human Development Sequence. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press .
37.
Jacob, N. (2005) ‘Cross-cultural Investigations: Emerging Concepts’ , Journal of Organizational Change Management18(5): 514-528 .
38.
Johanson, J. and Vahlne, J. E. (1977) ‘The Internationalization Process of the Firm: A Model of Knowledge Development and Increasing Foreign Market Commitments’ , Journal of International Business Studies8: 23-32 .
39.
Johnson, P. and Duberley, J. (2000) Understanding Management Research. London: Sage .
40.
Kerlinger, F. N. (1986) Foundations of Behavioral Research, 3rd edn.New York: Holt, Rinehart, Winston .
41.
Kluckhohn, C. K. (1951) ‘Values and Value Orientations in the Theory of Action’, in T. Parsons and E. A. Shils (eds) Toward a General Theory of Action. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press .
42.
Kluckhohn, F. R. and Strodtbeck, F. L. (1961) Variations in Value Orientations. Evanston, IL: Row, Peterson .
43.
Kogut, B. and Singh, H. (1988) ‘The Effect of National Culture on the Choice of Entry Mode’ , Journal of International Business Studies19(3): 411-432 .
44.
Kraut, A. I. (1975) ‘Some Recent Advances in Cross-national Management Research’ , Academy of Management Journal18: 538-547 .
45.
Kuhn, T. S. (1970) The Structure of Scientific Revolutions. Chicago: University of Chicago Press .
46.
Kunda, G. (1992) Engineering Culture. Philadelphia, PA: Temple University Press .
47.
Larsson, R. (1990) Coordination of Action in Mergers and Acquisitions: Interpretive and Systems Approaches Towards Synergy. Lund: University Press .
48.
Levitt, T. (1983) ‘The Globalization of Markets’ , Harvard Business Review61: 92-102 .
49.
Lindridge, A. (2005) ‘Religiosity and the Construction of a Cultural-Consumption Identity’ , The Journal of Consumer Marketing22(3): 142-151 .
50.
McSweeney, B. (2002) ‘Hofstede’s Model of National Cultural Differences and their Consequences: A Triumph of Faith-A Failure of Analysis’ , Human Relations55(1): 89-118 .
51.
Morosini, P. (1998) Managing Cultural Differences Effective Strategy and Execution across Cultures in Global Corporate Alliances. Oxford: Pergamon .
52.
Morosini, P. , Shane, S. and Singh, H. (1998) ‘National Cultural Distance and Cross-border Acquisition Performance’ , Journal of International Business Studies29(1): 137-158 .
53.
Morris, M. W. and Peng, K. (1994) ‘Culture and Cause: American and Chinese Attributions of Social and Physical Events’ , Journal of Personality and Social Psychology (67): 949-971 .
54.
Nahavandi, A. and Malekzadeh, A. R. (1988) ‘Acculturation in Mergers and Acquisitions’ , Academy of Management Review13(1): 79-80 .
55.
Nasif, E. G. , Al-Daeaj, H. , Ebrahimi, B. and Thibodeaux, M. S. (1991) ‘Methodological Problems in Cross-cultural Research: An Updated Review’ , Management International Review31(1): 79-91 .
56.
Ohmae, K. (1985) Triad Power: The Coming Shape of Global Competition. New York: The Free Press .
57.
Osland, J. S. and Bird, A. (2000) ‘Beyond Sophisticated Stereotyping: Cultural Sense-making in Context’ , Academy of Management Executive14(1): 65-79 .
58.
Parker, M. (2000) Organizational Culture and Identity. London: Sage .
59.
Roberts, K. H. and Boyacigiller, N. (1984) ‘Cross-national Organizational Research, the Grasp of the Blind Men’ , Research in Organizational Behavior2: 417-451 .
60.
Rokeach, M. (1973) The Nature of Human Values. New York: Free Press .
61.
Ronen, S. (1986) Comparative and Multinational Management. New York: Wiley .
62.
Rushton, J. P. (1989) ‘Genetic Similarity, Human Altruism, and Group Selection’ , Behavioral and Brain Sciences12: 503-559 .
63.
Sackmann, S. A. (1997) Cultural Complexity in Organizations: Inherent Contrasts and Contradictions. London: Sage .
64.
Schaffer, B. and Riordan, M. (2003) ‘A Review of Cross-cultural Methodologies for Organizational Research: A Best-practices Approach’ , Organizational Research Methods6(2): 169-215 .
65.
Schein, E. H. (1999) Organizational Culture and Leadership. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass .
66.
Schwartz, S. H. (1992) ‘Universals in the Content and Structure of Values: Theoretical Advances and Empirical Tests in 20 Countries’ , Advances in Experimental Social Psychology25: 1-66 .
67.
Schwartz, S. H. (1994) ‘Are there Universal Aspects of the Structure and Contents of Human Values?’ , Journal of Social Issues50(4): 19-45 .
68.
Schwartz, S. and Bilsky, W. (1987) ‘Toward a Universal Psychological Structure of Human Values’ , Journal of Personality and Social Psychology (53): 550-562 .
69.
Seelye, H. N. and Seelye-James, A. (1995) Culture Clash: Managing in a Multicultural World. Lincolwood, IL: NTC Business Books .
70.
Sekaran, U. (1983) ‘Methodological and Theoretical Issues and Advancements in Cross-cultural Research’ , Journal of International Business Studies14(2): 61-73 .
71.
Shenkar, O. (2001) ‘Cultural Distance Revisited: Towards a More Rigorous Conceptualization and Measurement of Cultural Differences’ , Journal of International Business Studies32(3): 519-535 .
72.
Søderberg, A. M. and Holden, N. (2002) ‘Rethinking Cross Cultural Management in a Globalizing Business World’ , International Journal of Cross Cultural Management2(1): 103-121
73.
Tayeb, M. (1994) ‘Organizations and National Culture: Methodology Considered’ , Organization Studies15(3): 429-444 .
74.
Tayeb, M. (2001) ‘Conducting Research across Cultures: Overcoming Drawbacks and Obstacles’ , International Journal of Cross Cultural Management1(1): 91-108 .
75.
Teerikangas, S. and Very, P. (2006) ‘The Culture-Performance Relationship in M&A: From Yes/No to How’ , British Journal of Management17: S31-S48 .
76.
Usunier, J. C. (1998) International and Cross-cultural Management Research. London: Sage .
77.
Vaara, E. (2000) ‘Constructions of Cultural Differences in Post-merger Processes: A Sensemaking Perspective on Finnish-Swedish Cases’ , M@n@gement3(3): 121-132 .
78.
Von Krogh, G. and Roos, J. (1995) Organizational Epistemology. London: Macmillan/New York: St Martins Press .