Ancient cosmopolitanism: Feminism and the rethinking of Maya inter-regional interactions during the Late Classic to Postclassic periods (ca. 600–1521 CE)
Restricted accessResearch articleFirst published online October, 2017
Ancient cosmopolitanism: Feminism and the rethinking of Maya inter-regional interactions during the Late Classic to Postclassic periods (ca. 600–1521 CE)
The consideration of cosmopolitanism in archaeology provides a useful lens for thinking about and expanding how to conceive of inter-regional interactions and experiences of belonging in the ancient world. Previous models in Mesoamerican archaeology often implicitly follow a cosmopolitanism of elite male citizens of the world. In incorporating a feminist perspective to the analysis of inter-regional relations, this paper examines Maya women’s roles in cosmopolitan encounters during the Late Classic to Postclassic periods (ca. 600–1521 CE) with a particular focus on merchant women, clothing as a statement of belonging in a larger world, and the adoption of new cooking practices. Such a perspective underscores the ways in which inter-regional interactions in Pre-Columbian Mesoamerica may have been unevenly and contingently experienced, rather than homogenously adopted, and that the articulation of different worlds need not require everyone to be highly mobile.
Aimers JJ (2002) Cultural change on a temporal and spatial frontier: Ceramics of the Terminal Classic to Postclassic transition in the Upper Belize River Valley. Unpublished PhD Thesis, Tulane University, New Orleans.
2.
AnawaltP (1982) Analysis of the Aztec quechquemitl: An exercise in inference. In: Boone HillE (ed.) The Art and Iconography of Late Post-Classic Central Mexico, Washington, DC: Dumbarton Oaks Research Library & Collection, pp. 37–72.
3.
AppaduraiA (1990) Disjuncture and difference in the global cultural economy. Theory, Culture and Society7(2): 295.
4.
AppiahKA (2007) Cosmopolitanism: Ethics in a World of Strangers, New York: W. W. Norton.
5.
ArdrenT (2015) Social Identities in the Classic Maya Northern Lowlands: Gender, Age, Memory, and Place, Austin: University of Texas Press.
6.
ArdrenTLowryJ (2011) The travels of Maya merchants in the ninth and tenth centuries AD: Investigations at Xuenkal and the Greater Cupul Province, Yucatan, Mexico. World Archaeology43(3): 428–443.
7.
AshmoreW (2007) Settlement Archaeology at Quiriguá, Guatemala, Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology.
8.
BeckU (2002) The cosmopolitan society and its enemies. Theory, Culture & Society19(1–2): 17–44.
9.
Berlo JC (ed.) (1992) Art, Ideology, and the City of Teotihuacan. Dumbarton Oaks, Washington, DC.
10.
BeyGJIIIRingleWM (2007) From the bottom up: The timing and nature of Tula-Chichén Itzá exchange. In: KowaleskiJKKristan-GrahamC (eds) Twin Tollans: Chichén Itzá, Tula, and the Epiclassic to Early Postclassic Mesoamerican World, Washington, DC: Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collections, pp. 377–419.
11.
Bhabha HK (1994) The Location of Culture. New York: Routledge.
12.
BhabhaHK (1996) Unsatisfied: Notes on vernacular cosmopolitanism. In: García-MorenoLPfeifferPC (eds) Text and Nation: Cross-Disciplinary Essays on Cultural and National Identities, Columbia, SC: Camden House, pp. 191–207.
13.
BillCRBraswellGE (2005) Life at the crossroads: New data from Pusilha, Belize. Research Reports in Belizean Archaeology2: 301–312.
14.
BiolsiT (2005) Imagined geographies: Sovereignty, indigenous space, and American Indian struggle. American Ethnologist32(2): 239–259.
15.
BlantonRFeinmanG (1984) The Mesoamerican World System. American Anthropologist86(3): 673–682.
16.
BlantonREKowaleskiSAFeinmanGMet al.(1993) Ancient Mesoamerica: A Comparison of Change in Three Regions, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
17.
BooneEHSmithME (2003) Postclassic international styles and symbol sets. In: SmithMEBerdanFF (eds) The Postclassic Mesoamerican World, Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press, pp. 186–193.
18.
BraswellGEGunnJDCarrascoRDet al.(2004) Defining the Terminal Classic at Calakmul, Campeche. In: DemarestAARicePMRiceDS (eds) The Terminal Classic in the Maya Lowlands: Collapse, Transition, and Transformation, Boulder: University Press of Colorado, pp. 162–198.
19.
BraswellGEPruferKM (2009) Political organization and interaction in Southern Belize. Research Reports in Belizean Archaeology6: 43–54.
20.
Breckenridge CA, Pollack S, Bhabha HK, et al. (eds) (2002) Cosmopolitanism. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.
21.
BrittenhamC (2015) The Murals of Cacaxtla: The Power of Painting in Ancient Central Mexico, Austin: University of Texas Press.
22.
BrumfielEM (1991) Weaving and cooking: Women’s production in Aztec Mexico. In: GeroJMConkeyMW (eds) Engendering Archaeology: Women and Prehistory, Oxford: Basil Blackwell, pp. 224–254.
23.
ButlerM (1935) A study of Maya mouldmade figurines. American Anthropologist37: 636–672.
24.
Carrasco VargasRLópezVMartinS (2009) Daily life of the ancient Maya recorded on murals at Calakmul, Mexico. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences106(46): 19245–19249.
25.
ConkeyMW (2003) Has feminism changed archaeology?Signs28(3): 867–880.
26.
CorsonC (1976) Maya Anthropomorphic Figurines from Jaina Island, Campeche, Ramona, CA: Ballena Press.
27.
CrownPLHurstWJ (2009) Evidence of cacao use in the prehispanic American Southwest. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences106(7): 2110–2113.
28.
DeluganRM (2010) Indigeneity across borders: Hemispheric migrations and cosmopolitan encounters. American Ethnologist37(1): 83–97.
29.
Díaz del CastilloB (1963) The Conquest of New Spain, London: Penguin Books.
30.
Drucker P (1943) Ceramic Stratigraphy at Cerro de las Mesas, Veracruz, Mexico. Bulletin 141. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution Bureay of American Ethnology.
31.
EkholmSM (1979) The Lagartero figurines. In: HammondNWilleyGR (eds) Maya Archaeology and Ethnohistory, Austin: University of Texas Press, pp. 172–186.
32.
EngelstadE (2015) Gender, feminism, and sexuality in archaeological studies. International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences9: 764–767.
33.
EppichKFreidelDA (2015) Markets and marketing in the Classic Maya Lowlands: A case study from El Perú-Waka’. In: KingEM (ed.) The Ancient Maya Marketplace: The Archaeology of Transient Space, Tucson, AZ: University of Arizona Press, pp. 195–225.
34.
FeldmanLH (1985) A Tumpline Economy: Production and Distribution Systems in Sixteenth-Century Eastern Guatemala, Culver City, CA: Labyrinthos.
35.
FolanWJBollesDDEkJD (2016) On the trail of Quetzalcoatl/Kulkulcan: Tracing interaction routes and networks in the Maya Lowlands. Ancient Mesoamerica27(2): 293–318.
36.
FournierP (1998) El complejo nixtamal/comal/tortilla en Mesoamérica. Boletín de Antropología Americana32: 13–40.
37.
FrankAG (1966) The development of underdevelopment. Monthly Review18(4): 17–31.
38.
FreiwaldCYaegerJAweJJet al.(2014) Isotopic insights into mortuary treatment and origin at Xunantunich, Belize. In: WrobelGD (ed.) The Bioarchaeology of Space and Place: Ideology, Power, and Meaning in Maya Mortuary Contexts, New York: Springer, pp. 107–139.
39.
Gallegos GómoraMJ (2003) Mujeres y hombres de barro: Figurillas de Comalcalco. Arqueologia Mexicana11(61): 48–51.
40.
Gallegos Gómora MJ (2009) Las Figurillas de Chinchicapa: Producción, Representaciones, y Asociación de Materials en una Unidad Habitacional del Clásico Maya en Tabasco. Unpublished manuscript.
41.
Gallegos GómoraM (2011) Las Jóvenes Oradoras: Participación de la Mujer Prehispánica en la Religión Maya. In: Rodfíguez-ShadowMJLópez HernándezM (eds) Las Mujers Maya en la Antiguedad, Mexico: Centro de Estudios de Anthropología de la Mujer.
42.
GarcíaME (2013) The taste of conquest: Colonialism, cosmopolitics, and the dark side of Peru’s gastronomic boom. Journal of Latin American and Caribbean Anthropology18(3): 505–524.
43.
Garraty C and Stark BL (eds) (2010) Archaeological Approaches to Market Exchange in Ancient Societies. Boulder, CO: University Press of Colorado.
44.
Geller PL and Stockett MK (eds) (2006) Feminist Anthropology: Past, Present, and Future. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.
45.
GhisleniLJordanAFioccoprileE (2016) Introduction to “binary binds”: Deconstructing sex and gender dichotomies in archaeological practice. Journal of Archaeological Method and Theory23(3): 765–787.
46.
GlantzM (1994) La Malinche, sus padres y sus hijos, 1st ed. México, DF: Colección Jornadas. Facultad de Filosofía y Letras, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México.
47.
Goldsmith KC (2000) Forgotten images: A study of the ceramic figurines from Teotihuacan, Mexico. Unpublished PhD Thesis, University of California, Riverside.
48.
Goldstein MM (1979) Maya figurines from Campeche, Mexico: Classification on the basis of clay chemistry, style and iconography. Unpublished PhD Thesis, Columbia University, New York.
49.
GoldsteinMM (1994) Late classic Maya-Veracruz figurines: A consideration of the significance of some traits rejected in the cultural exchange. In: RobertsonMGFieldsVM (eds) Seventh Palenque Round Table, 1989, Austin: University of Texas Press, pp. 169–175.
50.
GolitkoMFeinmanG (2015) Procurement and distribution of Pre-Hispanic Mesoamerican Obsidian 900 BC–AD 1520: A social network analysis. Journal of Archaeological Method and Theory22(1): 206–247.
51.
GolitkoMMeierhoffJFeinmanGMet al.(2012) Complexities of collapse: The evidence of Maya obsidian as revealed by social network graphical analysis. Antiquity86(332): 507–523.
52.
GonlinN (1994) Rural household diversity in late classic Copan, Honduras. In: SchwartzGMFalconerSE (eds) Archaeological Views from the Countryside: Village Communities in Early Complex Societies, Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution Press, pp. 177–197.
53.
GrahamE (1991) Archaeological insights into colonial period Maya Life at Tipu, Belize. In: ThomasDH (ed.) Columbian Consequences: The Spanish Borderlands in Pan-American Perspective, Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution Press, pp. 319–335.
54.
GreenJS (2010) Feasting with foam: Ceremonial drinks of cacao, maize, and Pataxte cacao. In: StallerJCarrascoM (eds) Pre-Columbian Foodways, New York: Springer, pp. 315–343.
55.
HaberlandW (1989) Mazapan-like figurines from El Salvador. In: MicheletD (ed.) Enquêtes sur l’Amérique Moyenne: Mélanges offerts à Guy Stresser-Péan, Mexico: Études Mésoamericaines XVI, CEMCA, INAH, pp. 81–90.
56.
HalperinCT (2011) Late classic (ca. AD 600–900) Maya textile political economies: An object history approach. In: LittleWMcAnanyPA (eds) Weaving Across Time and Space: The Political Economy of Textiles, Walnut Creek, CA: AltaMira Press, pp. 125–145.
57.
HalperinCT (2014a) Maya Figurines: Intersections between State and Household, Austin: University of Texas Press.
58.
HalperinCT (2014b) Circulation as place-making: Late Classic polities and portable objects. American Anthropologist116(1): 110–129.
59.
Halperin CT (2017) Temporalities of late classic to postclassic (ca. 600–1521 CE) Maya Figurines. Latin American Antiquity.
60.
HalperinCTBishopRLSpensleyEet al.(2009) Late Classic (A.D. 600–900) Maya Market Exchange: Analysis of figurines from the Motul de San José region, Guatemala. Journal of Field Archaeology43(4): 457–480.
61.
HarveyD (2000) Cosmopolitanism and the banality of geographical elvis. Public Culture12(2): 529–564.
62.
HeldkeL (2006) Beyond cosmopolitanism and localism. Appetite47(3): 390–390.
63.
HendonJA (1987) The Uses of Maya Structures: A Study of Architecture and Artifact Distribution at Sepulturas, Copan, Honduras, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University.
64.
HeymanJMCampbellH (2009) The anthropology of global flows. Anthropological Theory9(2): 131–148.
65.
HirthKG (1998) The distributional approach: A new way to identify marketplace exchange in the archaeological record. Current Anthropology39(4): 451–476.
66.
HirthKG (2013) The merchant’s world: Commerical diversity and the economics of interregional exchange in highland Mesoamerica. In: HirthKGPillsburyJ (eds) Merchants, Markets, and Exchange in the Pre-Columbian World, Washington, DC: Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection, pp. 85–112.
67.
HorcajadaP (2011) Aproximación al análisis iconográfico de las figurillas cerámicas de la ciudad maya de La Blanca (Petén, Guatemala). Estrat crític: revista d’arqueologia5(1): 369–378.
68.
JenningsJ (2011) Globalizations and the Ancient World, New York: University of Cambridge Press.
69.
JoyceRA (2000) Gender and Power in Prehispanic Mesoamerica, Austin: University of Texas Press.
70.
JoyceRAHendersonJS (2010) Being “Olmec” in Early Formative period Honduras. Ancient Mesoamerica21(1): 187–200.
71.
JoyceTA (1933) The pottery-whistle figurines of Lubaantun. Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland63: xv–xxv.
72.
Just BR (2006) The visual discourse of ninth-century stelae at Machaquila and Seibal. Unpublished PhD Thesis, Tulane University, New Orleans.
73.
Just BR (2007) Ninth-century stelae of Machaquilá and Seibal. Report submitted to the Foundation for Advancement in Mesoamerica Studies, Inc. Crystal River, FL.
74.
KantI (2013) Ideal for a universal history with a cosmopolitan purpose. In: ReissH (ed.) Kant: Political Writings, 2nd ed. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
75.
KearneyM (1995) The local and the global: The anthropology of globalization and transnationalism. Annual Review of Anthropology24: 547–565.
76.
KepecsS (2007) Chichén Itzá, Tula, and the Epiclassic/Early Postclassic Mesoamerican World System. In: KowalskiJKKristan-GrahamC (eds) Twin Tollans: Chichén Itzá, Tula, and the Epiclassic to Early Postclassic Mesoamerican World, Washington, DC: Dumbarton Oaks Research Library & Collection, pp. 129–149.
77.
KepecsSFeinmanGBoucherS (1994) Chichen Itza and its Hinterland: A world-systems perspective. Ancient Mesoamerica5: 141–158.
78.
King EM (ed.) (2015) The Ancient Maya Marketplace: The Archaeology of Transient Space. Tucson: University of Arizona Press.
79.
KistlerSA (2014) Maya Market Women: Power and Tradition in San Juan Chamelco, Guatemala, Urbana: University of Illinois Press.
80.
KoontzR (2009) Investiture and violence at El Tajín and Cacaxtla. In: KoontzROrrH (eds) Blood and Beauty: Organized Violence in the Art and Archaeology of Mesoamerica and Central America, Los Angeles, CA: UCLA Cotsen Institute of Archaeology, pp. 73–95.
81.
KowalskiJKDristan-GrahamADristan-GrahamA (2007) Twin Tollans: Chichén Itzá, Tula, and the Epiclassic to Early Postclassic Mesoamerican World, Washington, DC: Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection, Harvard University Press Kowalski, J.K.
82.
KuipersGde KloetJ (2009) Banal cosmopolitanism and The Lord of the Rings: The limited role of national differences in global media consumption. Poetics37(2): 99–118.
83.
LacadenaA (2010) Highland Mexican and Maya intellectual exchange in the Late Postclassic: Some thoughts on the origin of shared elements and methods of interaction. In: VailGHernándezC (eds) Astronomers, Scribes, and Priests: Intellectual Interchange between the Northern Maya Lowlands and Highland Mexico in the Late Postclassic Period, Washington, DC: Dumbarton Oaks Research Library & Collection, pp. 383–406.
84.
LeCountLJ (2010) Maya palace kitchens: Suprahousehold food preparation at the Late and Terminal Classic site of Xunantunich, Belize. In: KlarichEA (ed.) Inside Ancient Kitchens: New Directions in the Study of Daily Meals and Feasts, Boulder: University Press of Colorado, pp. 133–160.
85.
LittleWE (2004a) Outside of social movements: Dilemmas of indigenous handicrafts vendors in Guatemala. American Ethnologist31(1): 43–59.
86.
LittleWE (2004b) Mayas in the Marketplace: Tourism, Globalization, and Cultural Identity, 1st ed. Austin: University of Texas Press.
87.
López AustinALujánLL (2000) The myth and reality of Zuyuá. In: CarrascoDJonesLSessionsS (eds) Mesoamerica’s Classic Heritage: From Teotihuacan to the Aztecs, Boulder: University Press of Colorado, pp. 21–84.
88.
ManzanillaL (2015) Cooperation and tensions in multiethnic corporate societies using Teotihuacan, Central Mexico, as a case study. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences112(30): 9210–9215.
89.
MartinS (2012) Hieroglyphs from the painted pyramid: The epigraphy of Chiik Nahb structure sub 1-4, Calakmul, Mexico. In: Charles GoldenSDHSkidmoreJ (eds) Maya Archaeology 2, San Francisco, CA: Precolumbia Mesoweb Press, pp. 60–81.
90.
Martínez LópezCWinterM (1994) Figurillas y Silbatos de Ceramica de Monte Alban, Oaxaca City: INAH.
91.
MassonMAPeraza LopeA (2011) Figurillas y diversidad social en Mayapán. In: JoyceRAGómoraJGHendonJA (eds) Localidad y Globalidad en el Mundo Maya Prehispanico e Indigena Contemporaneo: Estudios de Espacio y Genero, Mexico, DF: Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia, pp. 119–137.
92.
MaxwellRDesouceyM (2016) Gastronomic cosmopolitanism: Supermarket products in France and the United Kingdom. Poetics56: 85–97.
93.
McAnanyPA (2010) Ancestral Maya Economies in Archaeological Perspective, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
94.
McAnanyPA (2012) Terminal Classic Maya heterodoxy and shrine vernacularlism in the Sibun Valley, Belize. Cambridge Archaeological Journal22(1): 115–134.
95.
McCaffertyGGMcCaffertySD (1994) The conquered women of Cacaxtla: Gender identity or gender ideology?Ancient Mesoamerica5(2): 159–172.
96.
McCaffertyGGMcCaffertySD (2009) Crafting the body beautiful: Performing social identity at Santa Isabel, Nicaragua. In: HalperinCTFaustKATaubeRet al.(eds) Mesoamerican Figurines: Small-Scale Indices of Large-Scale Phenomena, Gainesville, FL: University Press of Florida, pp. 183–204.
97.
McGuire RH, Glowacki DM and Van Keuren S (2012) Pueblo religion and the Mesoamerican connection. In: Religious Transformation in the Late Pre-Hispanic Pueblo World. Tucson: University of Arizona Press, pp. 23–49.
98.
Meskell L (ed.) (2009) Cosmopolitan Archaeologies. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.
99.
Milbrath S (2007) Mayapán’s Effigy censers: Iconography, context, and external connections. Report submitted to the Foundation for Advancement in Mesoamerica Studies, Inc. Crystal River, FL.
100.
Minnis PE and Whalen ME (eds) (2015) Ancient Paquimé and the Casas Grandes World. Tucson: University of Arizona Press.
101.
MortonPE (2014) Tortillas: A Culture History, Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press.
102.
MüllerF (1978) La Céramica del Centro Ceremonial de Teotihuacan, Mexico: Instituto Nacional de Anthropología e Historia.
103.
NagaoD (1989) Public proclamation in the art of Cacaxtla and Xochicalco. In: DiehlRABerloJC (eds) Mesoamerica After the Decline of Teotihuacan A.D. 700–900, Washington, DC: Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection, pp. 83–104.
104.
NoniniDNOngA (1997) Chinese transnationalism as an alternative modernity. In: OngANoniniDN (eds) Underground Empires: The Cultural Politics of Modern Chinese Transnationalism, New York: Routledge, pp. 3–33.
105.
NussbaumMC (2010) Kant and cosmopolitanism. In: Wallace BrownGHeldD (eds) The Cosmopolitanism Reader, Malden, MA: Polity Press, pp. 27–44.
106.
OverholtzerLDe LuciaK (2016) A multiscalar approach to migration and social change at Middle Postclassic Xaltocan. Ancient Mesoamerica27(1): 163–182.
107.
Patel S (2012) Journey to the East: Pilgrimage, politics, and gender in postclassic Mexico. Unpublished PhD Thesis, University of California, Riverside, CA.
108.
PohlJMDFieldsVMLyallV (2012) Children of the plumed serpent: The legacy of Quetzalcoatl in ancient Mesoamerica. In: FieldsVMPohlJMDLyallV (eds) Children of the Plumed Serpent: The Legacy of Quetzalcoatl in Ancient Mesoamerica, Los Angeles, CA: Los Angeles County Museum of Art, pp. 15–49.
109.
PollockS (1998) The cosmopolitan vernacular. Journal of Asian Studies57(1): 6–37.
110.
PriceTD (2014) New isotope data on Maya mobility and enclaves at Classic Copan, Honduras. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology36: 32–47.
111.
PriceTDBurtonJHSharerRJet al.(2010) Kings and commoners at Copan: Isotopic evidence for origins and movement in the Classic Maya period. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology29(1): 15–32.
112.
RadiceM (2015) Micro-cosmopolitanisms at the urban scale. Identities: Global Studies in Culture and Power22(5): 588–602.
113.
RicePM (1987) Macanché Island, El Petén, Guatemala: Excavations, Pottery, and Artifacts, Gainesville: University of Florida Press.
114.
RichardFG (2013) Thinking through “vernacular cosmopolitanisms”: Historical archaeology in Senegal and the material contours of the African Atlantic. International Journal of Historical Archaeology17(1): 40–71.
115.
Ringle WM, Negrón TG and Bey GJ, III (1998) The return of Quetzalcoatl. Ancient Mesoamerica 9(2): 183–232.
116.
RoberstonD (1970) The Tulum murals: The international style of the late postclassic. Verhandlungen des XXXVIII Internationalem Amerikanistenkongresses2: 77–88.
117.
Ruz LhuillierA (1968) Costumbres funerarias de los antiguos Mayas, Mexico, DF: Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México.
118.
Scott S (1993) Teotihuacan Mazapan Figurines and the Xipe Totec Statue: A Link between the Basin of Mexico and the Valley of Oaxaca. Nashville, TN: Vandervilt University Publications in Anthropology.
119.
Scott S (2001) Terracotta Figurines from Sigvald Linné’s Excavations at Teotihuacan, Mexico. Stockholm: National Museum of Ethnography.
120.
Sears E (2016) A reflection of Maya representation, distribution, and interaction: Ceramic figurines from the late classic site of Cancuén, Petén Department, Guatemala. Unpublished PhD Thesis, University of Kentucky, Lexington.
121.
Serra PucheMC (2001) The concept of feminine places in Mesoamerica: The case of Xochitecatl, Tlaxacala, Mexico. In: KleinCF (ed.) Gender in Pre-Hispanic America, Washington D.C: Dumbarton Oaks, pp. 255–284.
122.
ShepardAO (1978) Plumbate, A Mesoamerican Trade Ware, Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Microfilms International.
123.
SkeyM (1972–2013) What does it mean to be cosmopolitan? An examination of the varying meaningfulness and commensurability of everyday “cosmopolitan” practices. Identities: Global Studies in Culture and Power20(3): 235–252.
124.
Smith M and Berdan FF (eds) (2003) The Postclassic Mesoamerican World. Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press.
125.
SmithMEHeath-SmithC (1980) Waves of influence in Postclassic Mesoamerica? A critique of the Mixteca-Puebla concept. Anthropology4: 15–50.
126.
SpenceMW (2005) A Zapotec diaspora network in Classic-period Central Mexico. In: SteinGJ (ed.) The Archaeology of Colonial Encounters, Santa Fe, NM: School of American Research, pp. 173–206.
127.
StallerJECarrascoMD (2009) Pre-Columbian Foodways: Interdisciplinary Approaches to Food, Culture, and Markets in Ancient Mesoamerica, New York: Springer.
128.
StarkBL (2001) Figurines and other artifacts. In: StarkBL (ed.) Classic Period Mixtequilla, Veracruz, Mexico, Austin: SUNY Albany and University of Texas Press, pp. 179–220.
129.
StarkBLBoxtMAGascoJet al.(2016) Economic growth in Mesoamerica: Obsidian consumption in the coastal lowlands. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology41: 263–282.
130.
StivensM (2008) Gender, rights, and cosmopolitanisms. In: WerbnerP (ed.) Anthropology and the New Cosmopolitanism, Oxford: Berg Publishers, pp. 87–110.
131.
Stocker TL (1983) Figurines from Tula, Hidalgo, Mexico. Unpublished PhD Thesis, University of Illinois, Urbana.
132.
StoneA (1989) Disconnection, foreign insignia, and political expansion: Teotihuacan and the Warrior Stelae of Piedras Negras. In: DiehlRABerloJC (eds) Mesoamerica after the Decline of Teotihuacan, A.D. 700–900, Washington, DC: Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collections, pp. 153–172.
133.
StonerWDPoolCA (2015) The archaeology of disjuncture: Classic period disruption and cultural divergence in the Tuxtla mountains of Mexico. Current Anthropology56(3): 385–420.
134.
Stresser-PéanC (2011) Des vêtements et des hommes: une perspective historique du vêtement indigène au Mexique, Paris: Riveneuve.
135.
TateJ (2017) La Malinche: The shifting legacy of a transcultural icon. Latin Americanist61(1): 81–92.
136.
TaubeKA (1989) The maize tamale in classic Maya diet, epigraphy, and art. American Antiquity54(1): 31–51.
137.
TaubeKA (1992) The Major Gods of Ancient Yucatan, Washington, DC: Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collections.
138.
ThompsonJES (1930) Ethnology of the Mayas of Southern and Central British Honduras, Chicago: Field Museum of Natural History.
139.
Tokovinine A and Beliaev D (2013) People of the Road: Traders and Travelers in Ancient Maya Words and Images. In: Pillsbury J and Hirth K (eds) Merchants, Markets, and Exchange in the Pre-Columbian World. Washington, D.C.: Dumbarton Oaks, pp. 169–200.
140.
TriadanD (2007) Warriors, nobles, commoners and beasts: Figurines from elite buildings at Aguateca, Guatemala. Latin American Antiquity18(3): 269–293.
141.
Vail G and Hernández C (eds) (2010) Astronomers, Scribes, and Priests: Intellectual Interchange between the Northern Maya Lowlands and Highland Mexico in the Late Postclassic Period. Washington, DC: Dumbarton Oaks Research Library & Collection.
142.
Vélez-IbáñezCG (2004) Malinowski award lecture, 2003: Regions of refuge in the United States: Issues, problems, and concerns for the future of Mexican-origin populations in the United States. Human Organization63(1): 1–20.
143.
VossBL (2000) Feminisms, queer theories, and the archaeological study of past sexualities. World Archaeology32(2): 180–192.
144.
Wallace BrownGHeldD (2010) Editor’s introduction. In: Wallace BrownGHeldD (eds) The Cosmopolitanism Reader, Malden, MA: Polity Press, pp. 1–14.
145.
WallersteinI (1991) World system versus world-systems: A critique. Critique of Anthropology11(2): 189–194.
146.
WallersteinI (2000) The Essential Wallerstein, New York: New Press.
147.
Werbner P (ed.) (2008) Anthropology and the New Cosmopolitanism. Oxford: Berg Publishers.
148.
WerbnerPYuval-DavisN (1999) Introduction: Women and the new discourse of citizenship. In: Yuval-DavisNWerbnerP (eds) Women, Citizenship, and Difference, London: Zed Books, pp. 1–38.
149.
WilkieLAHowlett HayesK (2008) Engendered and feminist archaeologies of the recent and documented pasts. Journal of Archaeological Research2006(14): 243–264.
150.
WilleyGR (1972) The Artifacts of Altar de SacrificiosVol. 64, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University.
151.
WilleyGR (1978) Artifacts. In: WilleyGR (ed.) Excavations at Seibal, Department of Peten, Guatemala, Cambridge, MA: Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology, Harvard University, pp. 1–189.
152.
WrightLE (2005) Identifying immigrants to Tikal, Guatemala: Defining local variability in strontium isotope ratios of human tooth enamel. Journal of Archaeological Science32(4): 555–566.
153.
WylieA (1991) Gender theory and the archaeological record: Why is there no archaeology of gender? In: GeroJMConkeyMW (eds) Engendering Archaeology: Women and Prehistory, Oxford: Basil Blackwell, pp. 31–54.
154.
WyllieC (2015) In Search of Tamazunchale: “Place where the woman governs.”. In: FaustKARichterKN (eds) Huasteca: Culture, History, and Interregional Exchange, Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, pp. 168–187.
155.
Yuval-DavisN (2011) The Politics of Belonging: Intersectional Contestations, Los Angeles, CA: Sage Publications.
