Robert E. Park played a central part in defining sociology as a natural science. He imagined sociologists as unbiased and unaffected by the human behavior they studied. He particularly criticized the work of female sociologists who applied their sociological knowledge with the help of hundreds of thousands of clubwomen. He mocked these clubwomen and their ‘do-goodism’. Clara Cahill Park, his wife, was one of these clubwomen who engaged in all the work he mocked and she was allied with female sociologists. This resulted in a curious situation where Park supported his wife and engaged in social reform while simultaneously he criticized clubwomen and the work of applied sociologists.
Addams, Jane (1907) Newer Ideals of Peace. New York: Macmillan .
2.
Addams, Jane (1910) Twenty Years at Hull-House. New York: Macmillan .
3.
Addams, Jane (1912) A New Conscience and an Ancient Evil. New York: Macmillan .
4.
Ames, Edward S. (1944) ‘Eulogy’, pp. 3–6 in Robert Ezra Park (1864–1944). Privately published memorial pamphlet.
5.
Anon . (1898–9) Review of West African Studies by Mary H. Kingsley. L’Annśee Sociologique3: 224–226 .
6.
Baker, Ray Stannard (1913) ‘Mrs. Clara Cahill Park’ , American Magazine75(March): 33–35 .
7.
Becker, Ernest (1971) The Lost Science of Man. New York: Brazillier .
8.
Blasi, Anthony J. (2002) ‘Robert E. Park (1864–1944)’. Unpublished manuscript.
9.
Bontemps, Arna (ed.) (1972) The Harlem Renaissance Remembered. New York: Dodd, Mead .
10.
Bullock, Edna D. (ed.) (1915) Selected Articles on Mothers’ Pensions. White Plains, NY: Wilson .
11.
Bulmer, Martin (1984) The Chicago School of Sociology. Chicago: University of Chicago Press .
12.
‘Cahill, Edward’ (1943) P. 132-132 in Who Was Who in America, Vol. 1, 1897–1942. Chicago: Marquis .
13.
Campbell, James (1992) The Community Reconstructs. Urbana: University of Illinois Press .
14.
Davis, Ada J. (1930) ‘The Evolution of the Institution of Mothers’ Pensions in the United States’ , American Journal of Sociology35(January): 573–587 .
15.
Deegan, Mary Jo (1978) ‘Women in Sociology, 1890–1930’ , Journal of the History of Sociology1(Fall): 11–34 .
16.
Deegan, Mary Jo (1981) ‘Early Women Sociologists and the American Sociological Society’ , American Sociologist15: 14–24 .
17.
Deegan, Mary Jo (1985) Review of The Chicago School of Sociology by Martin Bulmer . Contemporary Sociology14(May): 365–366 .
18.
Deegan, Mary Jo (1987) ‘An American Dream’ , Humanity and Society11(August): 353–365 .
19.
Deegan, Mary Jo (1988) Jane Addams and the Men of the Chicago School, 1892–1920. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction .
20.
Deegan, Mary Jo (ed.) (1991) Women in Sociology. Westport, CT: Greenwood .
21.
Deegan, Mary Jo (1994) ‘The Marginal Man as a Gendered Concept’, pp. 15–34 in Renzo Gubert and Luigi Tomasi (eds) Robert E. Park and the ‘Melting Pot’ Theory (Sociologia, No. 9). Trento: Reverdito Edizioni .
22.
Deegan, Mary Jo (1995) ‘The Second Sex and the Chicago School: Women's Accounts, Knowledge, and Work, 1945–1960’, pp. 322–364 in Gary Fine (ed.) A Second Chicago School?Chicago: University of Chicago Press .
23.
Deegan, Mary Jo (1996) ‘Dear Love, Dear Love’ , Gender & Society10(October): 590–607 .
24.
Deegan, Mary Jo (1997) ‘Gilman's Sociological Journey from Herland to Ourland’, pp. 1–57 in Charlotte Perkins Gilman, With Her in Ourland: Sequel to Herland, ed. Mary Jo Deegan and Michael R. Hill . Westport, CT: Greenwood Press .
25.
Deegan, Mary Jo (1999) ‘Play from the Perspective of George Herbert Mead’, pp. xix–cxii in Mary Jo Deegan (ed.) Play, School, and Society. New York: Peter Lang .
26.
Deegan, Mary Jo (2001) ‘The Chicago School of Ethnography’, pp. 11–25 in Paul Atkinson , Amanda Coffey , Sara Delamont , John Lofland and Lyn Lofland (eds) The Handbook of Ethnography. London: Sage .
27.
Deegan, Mary Jo (2002) Race, Hull-House, and the University of Chicago: A New Conscience Against Ancient Evils. Westport, CT: Greenwood .
28.
Devine, Edward T. (1913a) ‘Pensions for Mothers’ , Survey30(5 July): 457–460 .
29.
Devine, Edward T. (1913b) ‘State Funds to Mothers’ , Survey31(1 March): 747–748 .
30.
Faris, Robert E.L. (1967) Chicago Sociology: 1920–1932. Chicago: University of Chicago Press .
31.
Feagin, Joe R. and Hernśan Vera (2001) Liberation Sociology. Boulder, CO: Westview .
32.
Fine, Gary A. (ed.) (1995) A Second Chicago School?Chicago: University of Chicago Press .
33.
Gilman, Charlotte Perkins (1935) The Living of Charlotte Perkins Gilman: An Autobiography, with a foreword by Zona Gale. New York: D. Appleton-Century .
34.
Gilman, Charlotte Perkins (1966) Women and Economics. New York: Harper Torchbooks . (Orig. pub. c.1898.)
35.
Goffman, Erving (1959) The Presentation of Self in Everyday Life. Garden City, NY: Doubleday .
36.
Goodwin, Joanne L. (1997) Gender and the Politics of Welfare Reform. Chicago: University of Chicago Press .
37.
Green, Loraine Richardson (1919) ‘The Rise of Race Consciousness in the American Negro’. MA thesis, Department of Sociology, University of Chicago.
38.
Hard, William (1913a) ‘Motherless Children of Living Mothers’ , Delineator, January: 19-19 .
Harvey, Lee (1987) Myths of the Chicago School of Sociology. Aldershot: Gower .
41.
Hughes, Everett C. (1944) ‘Eulogy’, pp. 7–10 in Robert Ezra Park (1864–1944). Privately published memorial pamphlet.
42.
Hughes, Everett C. (1950) ‘Preface’, pp. xi–xiv in Everett C. Hughes , Charles S. Johnson , Jitsuichi Masuoka , Robert Redfield and Louis Wirth (eds) Race and Culture. Glencoe, IL: Free Press .
43.
Hughes, Everett C. (1964) ‘Robert E. Park’ , New Society, 31 December: 543–549 .
44.
Hughes, Helen MacGill (1940) News and the Human Interest Story, introduced by Robert E. Park. Chicago: University of Chicago Press .
45.
Johnson, Charles S. (1944) ‘Eulogy’, pp. 26–31 in Robert Ezra Park (1864–1944). Privately published memorial pamphlet.
46.
Kingsley, Mary H. (1897) Travels in West Africa, Congo Français, Corisco and Camerons. London: Macmillan .
47.
Kurtz, Richard (1984) Evaluating Chicago Sociology. Chicago: University of Chicago Press .
48.
Lengermann, Patricia and Jill Niebrugge-Brantley (1998) The Women Founders: Sociology and Social Theory, 1830–1930. New York: McGraw-Hill .
49.
Lindner, Rolf (1996) The Reportage of Urban Culture. New York: Cambridge University Press .
50.
Lyman, Stanford (1992) Militarism, Imperialism, and Racial Accommodation. Fayetteville: University of Arkansas Press .
51.
Matthews, Fred H. (1977) Quest for an American Sociology. Montreal: McGill-Queens University Press .
52.
Mauss, Marcel (1897) Review of Travels in West Africa, Congo FranÁais, Corisco and Camerons by Mary H. Kingsley . L’Année Sociologique1: 179–183 .
53.
Mead, George H. (1934) Mind, Self, & Society, ed. and introduced by Charles Morris. Chicago: University of Chicago Press .
54.
Mead, George H. (1999) Play, School, and Society, ed. and introduced by Mary Jo Deegan. New York: Peter Lang .
55.
Mills, C. Wright (1959) The Sociological Imagination. New York: Oxford University Press .
56.
Nichols, Charles W. (1923) ‘Justice Edward Cahill Memorial’, M.R. 222 (yhttp://www.micourthistory.org/new/sessions/PDFS/CahillE222.pdf; captured 20 June 2002; page no longer extant).
57.
Oxford Universal Dictionary(1933) Oxford: Oxford University Press .
58.
Park, Clara Cahill (1894a) ‘Coming to New York to Study Art’, Harper's Young People. Advertisement in Scrapbook, Robert E. Park Papers, box 10, folder 1.
59.
Park, Clara Cahill (1894b) ‘From New York Studios’. Unidentified newspaper clipping, Scrapbook, Robert E. Park Papers, box 10, folder 1.
60.
Park, Clara Cahill (1904) ‘Native Women in Africa: Their Hard Lot in the March of Progress’. Boston Transcript, 4 November. Reprinted by the Congo Committee of the Massachusetts Commission for International Justice. Microfiche in the Gerritsen Collection of Women's History, No. 2144.
61.
Park, Clara Cahill (1912a) ‘Widows’ Pension in Massachusetts’ , Child Welfare Magazine6(10): 343–346 .
62.
Park, Clara Cahill (1912b) ‘Union for Mother Protection in Germany’ , Child Welfare Magazine6(10): 364–365 .
63.
Park, Clara Cahill (1913a) ‘Helping the Widowed Mother Keep a Home’ , Home Progress2(April): 43–48 .
64.
Park, Clara Cahill (1913b) ‘Motherhood and Pensions’ , Survey30(12 April): 74-74 .
65.
Park, Clara Cahill (1913c) ‘Pensions for Mothers’ , Survey30(30 August): 669-669 .
66.
Park, Clara Cahill (1914) ‘Widows’ Pension’ , Survey32(20 June): 331-331 .
67.
Park, Clara Cahill (1928) ‘Types of Lovely Color’ , Opportunity6(October): 300-300 .
68.
Park, Clara Cahill (1929) Cover portraits . Opportunity7(January & March).
69.
Park, Clara Cahill (1936) Review of The Living of Charlotte Perkins Gilman . American Journal of Sociology41(May): 701–702 .
70.
Park, Clara Cahill (1979) Reproduction of a drawing of Robert E. Park, Berlin, 1900. Frontispiece to Winifred Rauschenbush, Robert E. Park. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press .
71.
‘Park, Clara Cahill’ (1914) Pp. 619–620 in John William Leonard (ed.) Woman's Who's Who of America. New York: American Commonwealth Co.
72.
Park, Robert E. (1918a) ‘Methods of Forming Public Opinion Applicable to Social Welfare Publicity’ , pp. 615–622 in Proceedings of the National Conference of Social Work45.
73.
Park, Robert E. (1918b) Discussion of ‘Methods of Forming Public Opinion Applicable to Social Welfare Publicity’ , pp. 625–626 in Proceedings of the National Conference of Social Work45.
74.
Park, Robert E. (1920) ‘Foreign Language Press and Social Progress’ , pp. 493–500 in Proceedings of the National Conference of Social Work47.
75.
Park, Robert E. (1921) ‘Immigrant Heritages’ , pp. 492–497 in Proceedings of the National Conference of Social Work48.
76.
Park, Robert E , (1923) ‘The Mind of the Rover’ , The World Tomorrow6(September): 269–270 .
77.
Park, Robert E. (1924a) ‘Play and Juvenile Delinquency’ , Playground18(May): 95–96 .
78.
Park, Robert E. (1924b) ‘A Race Relations Survey’ , Journal of Applied Sociology8(March): 195–205 .
79.
Park, Robert E. (1924c) ‘The Significance of Social Research in Social Service’ , Journal of Applied Sociology8(May–June): 263–267 .
80.
Park, Robert E. (1924d) ‘The Concept of Social Distance’ , Journal of Applied Sociology8(July): 256–260 .
81.
Park, Robert E. (1924e) ‘Experience and Race Relations’ , Journal of Applied Sociology9(September): 18–24 .
82.
Park, Robert E. (1926a) ‘Behind Our Masks’ , Survey56(1 May): 135–139 .
83.
Park, Robert E. (1926b) ‘Methods of a Race Survey’ , Journal of Applied Sociology10(May–June): 410–415 .
84.
Park, Robert E. (1926c) ‘Our Racial Fronter on the Pacific’ , Survey56(1 May): 192–196 .
85.
Park, Robert E. (1944) ‘An Autobiographical Note’, pp. 10–14 in Robert Ezra Park (1864–1944). Privately published memorial pamphlet.
86.
Park, Robert E. and Ernest W. Burgess (1921) Introduction to the Science of Sociology. Chicago: University of Chicago Press .
87.
Rauschenbush, Winifred (1979) Robert E. Park. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press .
88.
Richmond, Mary (1913) ‘Motherhood and Pensions’ , Survey30(1 March): 774–780 .
89.
Ross, Dorothy (1991) The Origin of American Social Sciences. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press .
90.
Rynbrandt, Linda J. (1999) Caroline Bartlett Crane and Progressive Era Reform, with a series editor's Foreword by Mary Jo Deegan. New York: Garland .
91.
Shils, Edward (1991) ‘Robert E. Park, 1864–1944’ , American Scholar60(Winter): 120–127 .
92.
Shils, Edward (1994) ‘The Sociology of Robert E. Park’, pp. 15–34 in Renzo Gubert and Luigi Tomasi (eds) Robert E. Park and the ‘Melting Pot’ Theory (Sociologia, No. 9). Trento: Reverdito Editzioni .
93.
Siegfried, Charlene Haddock (1998) Pragmatism and Feminism. Chicago: University of Chicago Press .
94.
Skocpol, Theda (1992) Protecting Soldiers and Mothers. Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press .
95.
[ Thomas, W.I. ], Robert E. Park (listed erroneously as first author) and Herbert A. Miller (1921) Old World Traits Transplanted. New York: Harper & Brothers . (Reprint, with the authorship of ‘W.I. Thomas Together with Robert E. Park and Herbert A. Miller’, and a new introduction by Donald R. Young. Montclair, NJ: Patterson Smith, 1971.)
96.
Vorse, Mary Heaton (1942) Time and the Town. New York: Dial Press .
97.
Vorse, Mary Heaton (1969) Labor's New Millions. New York: Arno . (Orig. pub. c.1914.)
98.
Vorse, Mary Heaton (1985) Rebel Pen, ed. Dee Garrison . New York: Monthly Review Press .
