In this research, an innovative two-phase fuel transient flow coefficient measurement system is proposed to investigate the flow characteristics and coupling effects of two-phase fuel, and to fill the gap of the two-phase fuel flow characteristics measurement technology of dual fuel injector. For this purpose, microphotography technology is used to obtain the original image of the injector hole, and the accurate area of the injector hole can be obtained by image processing. The two-phase injection momentum and the transient injection pressure are measured by the impact force sensor and the pressure sensor respectively, and the two-phase fuel transient flow coefficient is obtained. Due to the change of the increasing rate of the effective flow area at the nozzle, the gas transient flow coefficient shows two different increasing trends during the upward stage of the gas needle valve. With the background pressure increase, the maximum gas transient flow coefficient decreases and injection duration increases. The influence of pilot diesel injection on subsequent gas injection stages is mainly reflected in that when the gas energizing time is 0.8 ms, the fluctuation range of gas mass flow caused by diesel injection is 52.6%, and the fluctuation range is 14.9% when the gas energizing time is 2 ms, but the influence of diesel injection on the peak value of gas transient flow coefficient can be ignored.
DhahadHAHasanAMChaichanMTKazemHA.Prognostic of diesel engine emissions and performance based on an intelligent technique for nanoparticle additives. Energy2022; 238(1): 121855.
2.
YangXWangXDongQ, et al. Experimental study on the two-phase fuel transient injection characteristics of the high-pressure natural gas and diesel co-direct injection engine. Energy2022; 243: 243.
3.
XingKHuangHGuoX, et al. Thermodynamic analysis of improving fuel consumption of natural gas engine by combining Miller cycle with high geometric compression ratio. Energy Convers Manag2022; 254: 115219.
4.
LiuJJDingSFDingSL, et al. Effects of gas injection timing on combustion instability for a spark ignition natural gas engine under low load conditions. Appl Therm Eng2022; 206: 118144.
5.
DongQLiYSongE, et al. Visualization research on injection characteristics of high-pressure gas jets for natural gas engine. Appl Therm Eng2018; 132: 165–173.
6.
HallCKassaM.Advances in combustion control for natural gas–diesel dual fuel compression ignition engines in automotive applications: a review. Renew Sustain Energ Rev2021; 148: 111291.
7.
DengJWangXWeiZ, et al. A review of NOx and SOx emission reduction technologies for marine diesel engines and the potential evaluation of liquefied natural gas fuelled vessels. Sci Total Environ2021; 766(1): 144319.
8.
ZhangQWangXSongGLiM.Performance and emissions of a pilot ignited direct injection natural gas engine operating at slightly premixed combustion mode. Fuel Process Technol2022; 227(2): 107128.
9.
GholamiANafisiHAskarian AbyanehHJahanbani ArdakaniA.Dynamic stochastic joint expansion planning of power systems, natural gas networks, and electrical and natural gas storage. IET Gener Transm Distrib2022; 16: 1489–1506.
10.
LiMLiuGLiuX, et al. Performance of a direct-injection natural gas engine with multiple injection strategies. Energy2019; 189: 116363.
11.
NiZDongQWangDYangX.Visualization research of natural gas jet characteristics with ultra-high injection pressure. Int J Hydrogen Energy2022; 47: 32473–32492.
12.
YangXZhouTWangXWangJDongQ.Investigation on online perception method of gas injection characteristics for the high-pressure natural gas direct injection engine. Fuel2022; 316: 123194.
13.
YangXDongQZhaoH.Study on transient flow characteristics and measurement method for multi-point injection system of natural gas engine. Measurement2023; 209: 112491.
14.
BaoJQuPWangH, et al. Implementation of various bowl designs in an HPDI natural gas engine focused on performance and pollutant emissions. Chemosphere2022; 303: 135275.
15.
ChenGWeiFXiaoR, et al. Numerical analysis of performance and soot emissions of a natural gas engine operating in HPDI and SPC combustion modes. Fuel2022; 327: 125226.
16.
KumarDValeraHGautamAAgarwalAK.Simulations of methanol fueled locomotive engine using high pressure co-axial direct injection system. Fuel2021; 295: 120231.
17.
NematiAOngJCPangKMMayerSWaltherJH.A numerical study of the influence of pilot fuel injection timing on combustion and emission formation under two-stroke dual-fuel marine engine-like conditions. Fuel2022; 312: 122651.
18.
RaiRKSahooRR.Impact of different shape based hybrid nano additives in emulsion fuel for exergetic, energetic, and sustainability analysis of diesel engine. Energy2021; 214(1): 119086.
19.
MenghanL, et al. A comprehensive review of pilot ignited high pressure direct injection natural gas engines: Factors affecting combustion, emissions and performance. Renew Sustain Energ Rev2020; 119(C): 109653.
20.
PanKWallaceJ.Computational studies of fuel injection strategies on natural gas combustion characteristics in direct-injection engines. Fuel2021; 288(6): 119823.
21.
YangBNingLLiuB, et al. Comparison study the particulate matter characteristics in a diesel/natural gas dual-fuel engine under different natural gas-air mixing operation conditions. Fuel2021; 288: 119721.
22.
LiJWangJLiuT, et al. An investigation of the influence of gas injection rate shape on high-pressure direct-injection natural gas marine engines. Energies2019; 12(13): 2571.
23.
YangBZengK.Effects of natural gas injection timing and split pilot fuel injection strategy on the combustion performance and emissions in a dual-fuel engine fueled with diesel and natural gas. Energy Convers Manag2018; 168: 162–169.
24.
YuHChenJDuanS, et al. Effect of natural gas injection timing on performance and emission characteristics of marine low speed two-stroke natural gas/diesel dual-fuel engine at high load conditions. Fuel2022; 314: 123127.
25.
GanippaLCAnderssonSChomiakJ.Transient measurements of discharge coefficients of diesel nozzles. SAE Trans2000; 109(3): 1907–1915.
26.
ZhouL-YDongS-FCuiH-F, et al. Measurements and analyses on the transient discharge coefficient of each nozzle hole of multi-hole diesel injector. Sens Actuators A Phys2016; 244: 198–205.
27.
DongQYangXJiaDSongEYaoC.Measurement and verification of transient injection flow rate of high pressure natural gas pulse injector. Flow Meas Instrum2020; 76(3): 101831.
28.
ChenZHeZShangW, et al. Experimental study on the effect of nozzle geometry on string cavitation in real-size optical diesel nozzles and spray characteristics. Fuel2018; 232: 562–571.
29.
CavicchiAPostriotiLBerniFFontanesiSDi GioiaR.Evaluation of hole-specific injection rate based on momentum flux measurement in GDI systems. Fuel2020; 263(C): 116657.
30.
ZhouLLiangY.Study on the transient injection rate of each nozzle hole in the combustion process of diesel engine. J Energy Resour Technol2021; 143(7): 072301.
31.
TangYLiuZLiYYangNWanYChuaKJ.A double-choking theory as an explanation of the evolution laws of ejector performance with various operational and geometrical parameters. Energy Convers Manag2020; 206: 112499.
32.
HuangBJChangJMWangCPPetrenkoVA.A 1-D analysis of ejector performance. Int J Refrig1999; 22(5): 354–364.
33.
KieslingCTilzANicklA, et al. Evaluation of Gas Injection Valves for Large Engines by Means of Spray Momentum Measurement[C]//11. Tagung Einspritzung und Kraftstoffe 2018: Diesel· Benzin· Gas· Alternative Kraftstoffe· Medien für SCR· Wasser· Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden. 2019: 481–497.
34.
RedtenbacherCAßmusKLurfG, et al. Detailed assessment of an innovative combined gas-diesel injector for diesel ignited high-pressure gas direct injection combustion concepts. In: 29th CIMAC World Congress on Internal Combustion Engines, 2019.
