The two-stroke crosshead diesel engines, nowadays moving the majority of merchant vessels, have lubrication systems which significantly contribute to their overall emissions, since they work on total loss basis: a relevant fraction of lubricant enters the exhaust duct, increasing total exhaust emissions. This paper demonstrates that a viable solution to reduce lubrication system related emissions can be found in the application of a new common rail type (CR) lubrication system. Particularly, in the first part of this study, a common rail injector was simulated and numerically optimized by means of AMESim. The main parameters influencing lube oil injected mass were identified, with the purpose to design a highly time responsive injector. Therefore, a CR injector was realized and experimentally characterized by means of a dedicated test cell, defining the lube oil injection map over the entire engine load range. Finally, full scale engine tests allowed to evaluate oil loss at exhaust, proposing, and applying the Sulfur tracing methodology. A comparison with a pulse jet lubrication system demonstrated a relevant reduction in oil loss: 100% engine load testes demonstrated decreases ranging from 56.2% to 63.3%, while once fixed the lube oil feed rate to 0.8 g/kWh a maximum reduction in oil loss equal to 66.7% was reached. These results allow nominating the common rail lubrication system as a feasible solution to significantly reduce oil loss at exhaust of large two-stroke marine diesel engines.
HarperPStarkM.Measurement of piston ring lubricant film thickness in fired engine using ultrasonic reflectometry. Shanghai CIMAC Congress2013; 266.
2.
StarkMMittlerR. Lubricant flow optimization of large two stroke marine diesel engine piston ring packs. In: ASME 2016 internal combustion engine division fall technical conference, ICEF-9326, Greenville, South Carolina, 9–12 October 2016. New York: ASME.
3.
PiancastelliLCassaniS.Tribological problem solving in medium heavy-duty marine diesel engines part 1: journal bearings. ARPN J Eng Appl Sci2017; 12: 6533–6541.
4.
CorbinJCPengWYangJ, et al. Characterization of particulate matter emitted by a marine engine operated with liquefied natural gas and diesel fuels. Atmos Environ2020; 220: 117030.
5.
MilaneseMKnauerMColangeloGLaforgiaDde RisiA.Numerical optimization of SPR sensors for lube oil real-time optical characterization in large 2-stroke marine diesel engine. Energy Procedia2017; 126: 1075–1082.
6.
AramkitphothaSTanatavikornHYenyuakcCVitidsantT.Low sulfur fuel oil from blends of microalgae pyrolysis oil and used lubricating oil: properties and economic evaluation. Sustain Energy Technol Assess2019; 31: 339–346.
7.
AzetsuAKitajimaIKuratsujiK.Development of a new visualization technique using photochromism for transport process of lubricating oil around the engine piston. Int J Engine Res2018; 20: 777–787.
8.
MusthafaMM.Synthetic lubrication oil influences on performance and emission characteristic of coated diesel engine fuelled by biodiesel blends. Appl Therm Eng2016; 96: 607–612.
9.
MilaneseMRicciardiAManeraMG, et al. Real time oil control by surface Plasmon resonance transduction methodology. Sens Actuators A Phys2015; 223: 97–104.
10.
HeYZhouPXieLZhangJ.New concept and design of electronically controlled cylinder lubrication system for large two-stroke marine diesel engines. Int J Engine Res2019; 20: 967–985.
11.
HeYZhouPXieLZhangJ.Design and experimental development of a new electronically controlled cylinder lubrication system for the large two-stroke crosshead diesel engines. Int J Engine Res2019; 20: 986–1000.
12.
LiTMaXLuX, et al. Lubrication analysis for the piston ring of a two-stroke marine diesel engine taking account of the oil supply. Int J Engine Res2021; 22(3): 949–962.
13.
KimSTWooJYLeeYZ.Friction, wear and scuffing characteristic of marine engine lubricants with nanodiamond particles. Tribol Lubr Technol2016; 72: 78–85.
14.
WangYLiangXTangGChenYDongLShuG.Impact of lubricating oil combustion on nanostructure, composition and graphitization of diesel particles. Fuel2017; 190: 237–244.
15.
TornehedPOlofssonU.Modelling lubrication oil particle emissions from heavy-duty diesel engines. Int J Engine Res2012; 14: 180–190.
16.
TanPLiYShenH.Exhaust particle properties from a light duty diesel engine using different ash content lubricating oil. J Energy Inst2018; 91: 55–64.
17.
AmiranteRDistasoENapolitanoM, et al., Effects of lubricant oil on particulate emissions from port-fuel and direct-injection spark-ignition engines. Int J Engine Res2017; 18: 606–620.
18.
WangYLiangXShuGWangXBaoJLiuC.Effect of lubricating oil additive package on the characterization of diesel particles. Appl Energy2014; 136: 682–691.
19.
KahandawalaMSPGrahamJLSidhuSS.Impact of lubricating oil on particulates formed during combustion of diesel fuel - a shock tube study. Fuel2004; 83: 1829–1835.
20.
DongLShuGLiangX.Effect of lubricating oil on the particle size distribution and total number concentration in a diesel engine. Fuel Process Technol2013; 109: 78–83.
21.
WangYChenYLiangXTanPDengS.Impacts of lubricating oil and its formulations on diesel engine particle characteristics. Combust Flame2021; 225: 48–56.
22.
LiRMengXXieY.A tribological analysis on stuffing box-piston rod system of low-speed marine diesel engines. Int J Engine Res2019; 20: 911–930.
23.
LiRMengXLiWDongJ.A new comprehensive tribo-dynamic analysis for lubricated translational joints in low-speed two-stroke marine engines. Int J Engine Res2020; 21: 1–26.
24.
MaekawaKGotohKMatsumotoSMotomuraOIchimaruK.Monitoring of lubricating condition between piston ring and cylinder liner by electro-conductivity method. Trans Jpn Soc Mech Eng C2000; 66: 1996–2001.
25.
StarkMMittlerR.Optimization of tribodynamic effects to improve the reduction potential of particulate matter concentrations in the exhaust gas of large two stroke marine diesel engines, SAE paper 2014-14FFI-0396, 2014.
26.
UsmanAParkCW.Modeling and simulation of frictional energy loss in mixed lubrication of a textured piston compression ring during warm-up of spark ignition engine. Int J Engine Res2017; 18: 293–307.
27.
HarroldP.Lubricating marine crosshead engines operating at reduced load. J Mar Eng2014; 49(1): 88–95.
28.
HeYH.Research on new electro-controlled cylinder lubrication system for large low-speed marine diesel engine. Chin Intern Combust Engine Eng2010; 31: 63–68.
ZhouLBaiMLLüJZ.Numerical simulation into influence of structural parameters on lubrication and friction performance of piston ring-liner. Trans Chin Soc Intern Combust Eng2012; 30, 456–461.
31.
HeywoodJB.Internal combustion engine fundamentals. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill, 1988.
32.
StarkMde RisiAGiangrecoMDiggelmannS. Design and experiments to investigate spray and impingement characteristics of a common rail type lubrication system. In: ILASS2017 - 28th European conference on liquid atomization and spray systems, Valencia, Spain, 6–8 September 2017, universitat politècnica de valència.
33.
RavendranRJensenP.Consequences of oil film degradation. Motor Ship2017; 99: 29.
34.
MoukalledFManganiLDarwishM.The finite volume method in computational fluid dynamics: an advanced introduction with openfoam and matlab. Switzerland: Springer International Publishing, 2016.
BlackburnJFReethofGShearerJL.Fluid power control. New York, NY: John Wiley and Sons, 1960.
37.
HardenbergH.Die geometrischen Strömungsquerschnitte von Lochdüsen für Direkteinspritzmotoren. MTZ Worldw1984; 10: 427–429.
38.
De GroenOKokD. Rechenprogramm zur Simulation von Hochdruckeinspritzsystemen für Nutzfahrzeuge. MTZ1996; 57: 6–15.
39.
SchmitzFWYildirimTYamadaN.Fuel flexible injetion system – how to handle a fuel spectrum from diesel-like fuels to alcohols. CIMAC 19, 404, 2019.
40.
FroelundKSmithB.Lubricating oil consumption measurements on an EMD 16-645 locomotive diesel engine. In: Springer technical conference of ASME internal combustion engine division, ICE2003-0549, Salzburg, Austria, 11–14 May 2003, pp.361–368. New York: ASME.
41.
FroelundKYilmazE. Impact of engine oil consumption on particulate emissions. In: ICAT 2004, International conference on automotive technology, Hyatt Regency Hotel, Istanbul, 26 November 2004. Turkey: Theme 2004 “future Automotive Technologies on Powertrain and Wehicle”.
