Global Social Policy Digest 22.2: Was COP26 only ‘blah blah blah’ or a step forward for eco-social policy?

The Guardian (2021) ‘Blah, blah, blah’: Greta Thunberg lambasts leaders over climate crisis. The Guardian, 28 September. Available at: https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2021/sep/28/blah-greta-thunberg-leaders-climate-crisis-co2-emissions.

Kaasch A Schulze Waltrup R (2021) Introduction: Global eco-social policy: Contestation within an emerging policy era? Global Social Policy 21(2): 319–322.

UNRISD (2021) A new eco-social contract. Vital to deliver the 2030 agenda for sustainable development, March 2021. Available at: https://sdgs.un.org/sites/default/files/2021-07/UNRISD%20-%20A%20New%20Eco-Social%20Contract.pdf.

UNRISD (2021) Overcoming inequalities: Towards a new eco-social contract, May 2021. Available at: https://www.unrisd.org/80256B42004CCC77/(httpInfoFiles)/4A1D94EBE95DA31A802586D8004198E8/$file/UNRISD-Strategy-2021-2025.pdf.

Ministry of Social Affairs and Health, Finland (2022) An economy of wellbeing simultaneously increases wellbeing and sustainable economic growth, 1 February 2022. Available at: https://stm.fi/en/economy-of-wellbeing.

WeAll (2022) Wellbeing economy alliance. Available at: https://weall.org/.

OECD (2022) Measuring well-being and progress: Well-being research. Available at: https://www.oecd.org/wise/measuring-well-being-and-progress.htm.

Harley G Acheampong Y (2021) Building back better from the crisis: What will it take for the poorest countries? World Bank Blog, 9 March. Available at: https://blogs.worldbank.org/voices/building-back-better-crisis-what-will-it-take-poorest-countries.

Plant M Palmer R Orozco D (2022) The IMF’s surveillance role and climate change. Center for Global Development, 11 January 2022. Available at: https://www.cgdev.org/blog/imfs-surveillance-role-and-climate-change.

Development Committee, World Bank Group (2021) From COVID-19 crisis response to resilient recovery, saving lives and livelihoods while supporting green, resilient and inclusive development (GRID), April 2021. Available at: https://www.devcommittee.org/sites/dc/files/download/Documents/2021-03/DC2021-0004%20Green%20Resilient%20final.pdf.

WHO (2022) WHO coronavirus (COVID-19) dashboard. Available at: https://covid19.who.int/.

BBC (2021) Covid: South Africa’s president calls for lifting Omicron travel bans, 29 November. Available at: https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-59453842.

See Note 12.

Corum J Zimmer C (2022) Tracking Omicron and other Coronavirus variants. New York Times. Available at: https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2021/health/coronavirus-variant-tracker.html (accessed 25 February 2022).

Holder J (2022) Tracking coronavirus vaccinations around the world. New York Times. Available at: https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2021/world/covid-vaccinations-tracker.html (accessed 25 February 2022).

See Note 15.

See Note 15.

Chancel L with Piketty T Saez E Zucman G (2022) World inequality report 2022. Available at: https://wir2022.wid.world/www-site/uploads/2022/01/Summary_WorldInequalityReport2022_English.pdf.

Guivarch C Taconet N Méjean A (2021) Linking climate and inequality, fall 2021. Available at: https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/fandd/2021/09/climate-change-and-inequality-guivarch-mejean-taconet.htm.

See Note 18.

See Note 19.

Monbiot G (2006) The denial industry. The Guardian, 19 September. Available at: https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2006/sep/19/ethicalliving.g2.

Taconet N Méjean A Guivarch C (2020) Influence of climate change impacts and mitigation costs on inequality between countries. Climatic Change 160: 15–34.

See Note 19.

World Bank (2020) Global action urgently needed to halt historic threats to poverty reduction, 7 October. Available at: https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/feature/2020/10/07/global-action-urgently-needed-to-halt-historic-threats-to-poverty-reduction.

Clement V Rigaud KK de Sherbinin A , et al (2021) Groundswell part 2: Acting on internal climate migration. Available at: https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/handle/10986/36248.

UN (2021) A matter of life or death: At COP26, vulnerable countries tell developed nations it’s time to keep their promise on climate finance, 8 November. Available at: https://news.un.org/en/story/2021/11/1105222.

OECD (2021) Climate finance delivery plan: Meeting the US$100 billion goal. Available at: https://ukcop26.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/Climate-Finance-Delivery-Plan-1.pdf.

OECD (2021) Statement from OECD Secretary-General Mathias Cormann on climate finance in 2019, 17 September. Available at: https://www.oecd.org/newsroom/statement-from-oecd-secretary-general-mathias-cormann-on-climate-finance-in-2019.htm.

Jessop S Shalal A (2021) COP26 coalition worth $130 trillion vows to put climate at heart of finance, 3 November. Available at: https://www.reuters.com/business/cop/wrapup-politicians-exit-cop26-130tn-worth-financiers-take-stage-2021-11-03/.

Jubilee Debt Campaign (2021) Lower income countries spend five times more on debt than dealing with climate change, 27 October. Available at: https://jubileedebt.org.uk/press-release/lower-income-countries-spend-five-times-more-on-debt-than-dealing-with-climate-change.

UNICEF (2021) Many countries spending more on debt than education, health, and social protection combined, 1 April. Available at: https://news.un.org/en/story/2021/04/1088852.

Oxfam (2022) No country should be forced to choose between paying back debts of providing health care. Available at: https://www.oxfam.org/en/no-country-should-be-forced-choose-between-paying-back-debts-or-providing-health-care.

IMF (2021) IMF Executive board extends debt service relief for 25 eligible low-income countries, 20 December. Available at: https://www.imf.org/en/News/Articles/2021/12/20/pr21390-imf-executive-board-extends-debt-service-relief-for-25-eligible-low-income-countries.

IMF (2021) Catastrophe containment and relief trust. Available at: https://www.imf.org/en/About/Factsheets/Sheets/2016/08/01/16/49/Catastrophe-Containment-and-Relief-Trust.

Development Assistance Committee, OECD (2021) OECD DAC Declaration on a new approach to align development co-operation with the goals of the Paris Agreement on Climate Change, 27 October. Available at: https://www.oecd.org/dac/development-assistance-committee/dac-declaration-climate-cop26.htm.

See Note 36.

EC (2021) Tax systems that work for people and planet: EU endorses Addis Tax Initiative Declaration 2025, 17 December. Available at: https://ec.europa.eu/international-partnerships/news/tax-systems-work-people-and-planet-eu-endorses-addis-tax-initiative-declaration-2025_en.

UN (2021) COP26: Convert climate ‘promises to action’ urge UN rights experts, 3 December. Available at: https://news.un.org/en/story/2021/12/1107112.

Human Rights Watch (2021) UN rights bodies take strong stance on climate crisis, 12 October. Available at: https://www.hrw.org/news/2021/10/12/un-rights-bodies-take-strong-stance-climate-crisis.

OHCHR (2021) 35th anniversary UN Declaration on the Right to Development 4 December 2021. Climate change: Time to move from promises to action, 3 December. Available at: https://www.ohchr.org/en/press-releases/2021/12/35th-anniversary-un-declaration-right-development.

See Note 40.

See Note 4.

Lords Library (2021) COP26: Aims, goals and progress, 15 November. Available at: https://lordslibrary.parliament.uk/research-briefings/lln-2021-0031/.

UK Government (2021) COP26: The negotiations explained, November. Available at: https://ukcop26.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/COP26-Negotiations-Explained.pdf.

UKCOP26 (2021), The Glasgow climate pact, November. Available at: https://ukcop26.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/COP26-Presidency-Outcomes-The-Climate-Pact.pdf.

UKCOP26 (2021) Cop26 Keeps 1.5c Alive and Finalises Paris Agreement, 13 November. Available at: https://ukcop26.org/cop26-keeps-1-5c-alive-and-finalises-paris-agreement/.

Breton Woods Project (2021) Lack of public finance and debt relief at COP26 undermined countries‘ climate goals, 9 December. Available at: https://www.brettonwoodsproject.org/2021/12/lack-of-public-finance-and-debt-relief-at-cop26-endangers-paris-agreements-1-5c-goal/.

See Note 48.

UNFCCC (2021) US$ 413 million pledged for most vulnerable countries at COP26, 9 November. Available at: https://unfccc.int/news/us-413-million-pledged-for-most-vulnerable-countries-at-cop26.

UNFCCC (2021) COP26 outcomes: Finance for climate adaptation. Available at: https://unfccc.int/process-and-meetings/the-paris-agreement/the-glasgow-climate-pact/cop26-outcomes-finance-for-climate-adaptation#eq-1.

UNFCCC (2021) Glasgow Climate Pact, Advanced unedited version. Available at: https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/resource/cop26_auv_2f_cover_decision.pdf; Beyond Oil and Gas Alliance (2021) At COP26, 11 National and subnational Governments Launch the Beyond Oil & Gas Alliance. Available at: https://beyondoilandgasalliance.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/11-10-21-BOGA-Press-Release.pdf.

World Bank (2021) World Bank Group COP26 climate briefs, 28 October. Available at: https://www.worldbank.org/en/topic/climatechange/publication/world-bank-group-cop26-climate-briefs.

ILO (2021) Prioritize world of work in implementation of Paris climate agreement, 28 October. Available at: https://www.ilo.org/global/about-the-ilo/newsroom/news/WCMS_825214/lang–en/index.htm.

Reuters (2021) ‘Down’ and ‘out’? COP26 wording clouds way ahead on climate, 15 November. Available at: https://www.reuters.com/business/cop/business-usual-global-fossil-fuel-firms-now-after-un-climate-deal-2021-11-15/.

Daley F Newell P (2021) Why COP26 failed on fossil fuels, 2 December. Available at: https://www.ids.ac.uk/opinions/why-cop26-failed-on-fossil-fuels/.

Adam K Stevens H (2021) Who has the most delegates at the COP26 summit? The fossil fuel industry, 8 November. Available at: https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2021/11/08/cop26-glasgow-climate-summit-fossil-fuel/.

BBC (2021) COP26: Why Russia and China president no attend climate change meeting for Glasgow, Scotland, 3 November. Available at: https://www.bbc.com/pidgin/59145866.

La Ruta del Clima (2021) Loss and damage at COP26: A Central American Perspective. Available at: https://seors.unfccc.int/applications/seors/attachments/get_attachment?code=OJU32UP4GGOBK1J1C4H99TEBVSIT3JTQ.

BBC (2021) COP26: Rich countries ‘pushing back’ on paying for climate loss, 8 November. Available at: https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-59206814.

UNEP (2022) Faith for Earth Updates, 10 January. Available at: https://www.unep.org/resources/newsletter/faith-earth-updates-10-january-2022.

UNEP (2021) COP26 ends with agreement but falls short on climate action, 15 November. Available at: https://www.unep.org/news-and-stories/story/cop26-ends-agreement-falls-short-climate-action.

Reay D (2021) Was COP26 a success? Available at: https://www.ed.ac.uk/impact/opinion/was-cop26-a-success.

UNFCCC (2021) COP26: Update to the NDC Synthesis Report, 4 November 2021, https://unfccc.int/news/cop26-update-to-the-ndc-synthesis-report.

See Note 64.

UN Climate Press Release (2021) Updated NDC synthesis report: Worrying trends confirmed, 25 October. Available at: https://unfccc.int/news/updated-ndc-synthesis-report-worrying-trends-confirmed.

Carbon Brief (2021) Guest post: How COP26 finally recognised the latest IPCC climate science, 26 November. Available at: https://www.carbonbrief.org/guest-post-how-cop26-finally-recognised-the-latest-ipcc-climate-science.

UKCOP26 (2021) Breakthrough Agenda—Launching an annual global checkpoint process in 2022, 9 November. Available at: https://ukcop26.org/breakthrough-agenda-launching-an-annual-global-checkpoint-process-in-2022/.

UK Government (2021) World leaders join UK’s Glasgow Breakthroughs to speed up affordable clean tech worldwide, 2 November. Available at: https://www.gov.uk/government/news/world-leaders-join-uks-glasgow-breakthroughs-to-speed-up-affordable-clean-tech-worldwide.

IEA (2021) Net Zero by 2050, May. Available at: https://www.iea.org/reports/net-zero-by-2050.

Romanello M McGushin A Di Napoli C , et al. (2021) The 2021 report of the Lancet Countdown on health and climate change: code red for a healthy future. Lancet 398(10311): 1619–1662.

Rio Conventions Pavilion (2021) Advancing One Health through the articulation of linkages between biodiversity, climate change, desertification and health’, 6 November. Available at: http://www.riopavilion.org/unfccc-cop26-one-health/

The Lancet Planetary Editorial Health (2021) COP26 in review. Lancet 5(12): E851.

WHO (2021) COP26 Global Health Programme. Available at: https://www.who.int/initiatives/cop26-health-programme.

WHO (2021) Health Events at COP26. Available at: https://www.who.int/initiatives/cop26-health-programme/health-events-at-cop26.

WHO (2021) What has COP26 achieved for health? 21 November. Available at: https://www.who.int/news-room/feature-stories/detail/what-has-cop26-achieved-for-health.

WHO (2021) COP26 special report on climate change and health, 11 October. Available at: https://apps.who.int/iris/rest/bitstreams/1378263/retrieve.

WHO (2021) Countries commit to develop climate-smart health care at COP26 UN climate conference, 9 November. Available at: https://www.who.int/news/item/09-11-2021-countries-commit-to-develop-climate-smart-health-care-at-cop26-un-climate-conference.

WHO (2021) 2021 WHO health and climate change survey report, 8 November. Available at: https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789240038509.

Gregory A (2021) Omicron is a ‘wake-up call’ to vaccinate poorer nations, experts say, 6 December. Available at: https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/dec/06/omicron-wake-up-call-to-vaccinate-poorer-nations-covid.

Peseckyte G (2022) Macron emphasises technology transfer in fight against vaccine shortages, 21 January. Available at: https://www.euractiv.com/section/coronavirus/news/macron-emphasises-technology-transfer-in-fight-against-vaccine-shortages/.

Ärzte ohne Grenze (2022) Solidarische Covid-19-Impfstoffverteilung: Deutsche Zivilgesellschaft besorgt über Meinungswechsel zur Aussetzung von geistigen Eigentumsrechten, 2 February. Available at: https://www.aerzte-ohne-grenzen.de/sites/default/files/2022-02/patentaussetzung-offener-brief-zivilgesellschaft-habeck.pdf.

Prabhala A Alsalhani A (2021) Pharmaceutical manufacturers across Asia, Africa and Latin America with the technical requirements and quality standards to manufacture mRNA vaccines, 10 December. Available at: https://accessibsa.org/mrna/.

Gavi (2022) World leaders launch call for renewed support for vaccination in 2022 as part of the global fight against COVID-19, 19 January. Available at: https://www.gavi.org/news/media-room/world-leaders-launch-call-renewed-support-vaccination-2022-part-global-fight.

Jerving S (2022) ‘We right now are basically out of money’ for COVAX, says Gavi, 19 January. Available at: https://www.devex.com/news/we-right-now-are-basically-out-of-money-for-covax-says-gavi-102485.

See Note 54.

ITUC (2021) COP26: Jobs plans with just transition essential to implementation of Glasgow Agreement, 15 November. Available at: https://www.ituc-csi.org/cop26-jobs-plans-with-just-transition?lang=en.

ILO and IRENA (2021) Renewable energy and jobs annual review 2021, 21 October. Available at: https://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/—dgreports/—dcomm/—publ/documents/publication/wcms_823807.pdf.

See Note 88.

OECD (2021) Micro-credential innovations in higher education, 22 September. Available at: https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/education/micro-credential-innovations-in-higher-education_f14ef041-en.

EC (2021) Commission takes action to improve lifelong learning and employability, 10 December. Available at: https://ec.europa.eu/social/main.jsp?langId=en&catId=89&furtherNews=yes&newsId=10118.

See Note 87.

EC (2021) Commission published proposal for a Joint Employment Report 2022, 24 November. Available at: https://ec.europa.eu/social/main.jsp?langId=en&catId=89&furtherNews=yes&newsId=10104.

ILO (2021) General Discussion Working Party: Inequalities and the world of work. Available at: https://www.ilo.org/ilc/ILCSessions/109/committees/inequalities-and-wow/lang–en/index.htm.

ILO (2022) World employment and social outlook: Trends 2022, 17 January. Available at: https://www.ilo.org/global/research/global-reports/weso/trends2022/WCMS_834081/lang–en/index.htm.

ILO (2021) ILO Monitor: COVID-19 and the world of work. Eighth edition. Updated estimates and analysis, 27 October. Available at: https://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/—dgreports/—dcomm/documents/briefingnote/wcms_824092.pdf.

World Bank (2021) The changing wealth of nations. Available at: https://www.worldbank.org/en/publication/changing-wealth-of-nations.

World Bank (2021) Putting people at the heart of green, resilient and inclusive recovery, 25 October. Available at: https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/immersive-story/2021/10/25/putting-people-at-the-heart-of-green-resilient-and-inclusive-recovery-development.

See Note 96.

ILO and Unicef (2021) Child labour: Global estimates 2020, trends and the road forward, 10 June. Available at: https://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/—ed_norm/—ipec/documents/publication/wcms_797515.pdf.

United Nations Human Rights Office of the High Commissioner (2021) International Day for the Abolition of Slavery, 2 December 2021. Available at: https://www.ohchr.org/en/press-releases/2021/12/international-day-abolition-slavery-2-december-2021.

See Note 3.

See Note 52.

UKCOP (2021) Supporting the conditions for a just transition internationally, 2 November. Available at: https://ukcop26.org/supporting-the-conditions-for-a-just-transition-internationally/.

Samans R (2021) Financing human-centred COVID-19 recovery and decisive climate action worldwide, International cooperation’s twenty-first century moment of truth, October. Available at: https://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/—dgreports/—inst/documents/publication/wcms_821931.pdf.

ILO (2021) ILO’s Global Flagship Programme on Building Social Protection Floors for All launches its second phase, extending support to 50 focus countries and aiming to improve the lives of 60 million people, 7 October. Available at: https://www.ilo.org/secsoc/press-and-media-centre/news/WCMS_822161/lang–en/index.htm.

WFP (2021) In Brief - Global Report on Food Crises 2021. Available at: https://docs.wfp.org/api/documents/WFP-0000127413/download/?_ga=2.228956181.80968406.1657516791-1674048732.1657516791.

World Bank (2021) Future of food: Building stronger food systems in fragility, conflict, and violence settings, 8 November. Available at: https://www.worldbank.org/en/topic/agriculture/publication/future-of-food-building-stronger-food-systems-fcv.

See Note 108.

Fore H (2021) Even as Omicron variant takes hold, school closures must be a measure of last resort, 17 December. Available at: https://www.unicef.org/press-releases/even-omicron-variant-takes-hold-school-closures-must-be-measure-last-resort.

Fore H (2022) No excuses. Keep schools open. Children can’t wait, 27 January. Available at: https://www.unicef.org/press-releases/no-excuses-keep-schools-open-children-cant-wait.

UNESCO (2021) When schools shut: Gendered impacts of COVID-19 school closures. Available at: https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000379270.

UNESCO (2021) When schools shut: New UNESCO study exposes failure to factor gender in COVID-19 education responses, 11 October. Available at: https://en.unesco.org/news/when-schools-shut-new-unesco-study-exposes-failure-factor-gender-covid-19-education-responses.

UNESCO (2021) HerAtlas: Monitoring the right to education for girls and women. Available at: https://en.unesco.org/education/girls-women-rights.

World Bank (2022) Prioritizing learning during Covid-19, January. Available at: https://thedocs.worldbank.org/en/doc/5f911bdf7c5c8abf060467865acf1abd-0200022022/original/Prioritizing-Learning-GEEAP-Report-Final-01-24-2022.pdf.

UNESCO, UNICEF and World Bank (2021) The state of the global education crisis: A path to recovery. Available at: https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/416991638768297704/pdf/The-State-of-the-Global-Education-Crisis-A-Path-to-Recovery.pdf.

UNICEF, PwC and Generation Unlimited (2021) Reaching YES Addressing the youth employment and skilling challenge. Available at: https://www.generationunlimited.org/media/5201/file/UNICEF-PwC-GenU-reaching-yes-thought-leadership.pdf.

OECD (2021) Education at a Glance 2021, 16 September. Available at: https://www.oecd.org/education/education-at-a-glance/.

International Commission on the Futures of Education (2021) Reimagining our futures together—A new social contract for education, Available at: https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000379707.

UNESCO (2021) Climate education in the spotlight at COP26: Ministers of Education and Environment meet for historic event, 6 November. Available at: https://en.unesco.org/news/climate-education-spotlight-cop26-ministers-education-and-environment-meet-historic-event.

UNFCCC (2021) PRESIDENCY EVENT: The joint event of education and environment ministers summit—Together for tomorrow: Education and climate action, 5 November. Available at: https://unfccc-cop26.streamworld.de/webcast/presidency-event-the-joint-event-of-education-and-.

UNESCO (2021) Getting every school climate-ready: How countries are integrating climate change issues in education. Available at: https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000379591.

UNESCO (2021) UNESCO Member States unite to increase investment in education, 10 November 2021. Available at: https://en.unesco.org/news/unesco-member-states-unite-increase-investment-education.

Global Partnership for Education (2021) Statement by the CEO of GPE on the G20 Rome Summit, 1 November. Available at: https://www.globalpartnership.org/news/statement-ceo-gpe-g20-rome-summit.

Group of 20—Education Working Group (2021) Report on blended education and educational poverty. Available at: https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000380190.

UNESCO (2021) The G20 takes a closer look a blended learning and educational poverty, 20 December. Available at: https://en.unesco.org/news/g20-takes-closer-look-blended-learning-and-educational-poverty.

UNESCO (2021) Global Education Monitoring Report 2021/2: non-state actors in education: who choses? who loses? Available at: https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000379875.

Refugees International (2021) COP26: 5 takeaways for climate migration and displacement, 24 November. Available at: https://www.refugeesinternational.org/reports/2021/11/23/cop26-5-takeaways-for-climate-migration-and-displacement.

IRC (2021) IRC calls on COP26 to prioritize more concerted effort to address climate change in Northern Central America, 3 November. Available at: https://www.rescue.org/press-release/irc-calls-cop26-prioritize-more-concerted-effort-address-climate-change-northern.

IOM (2021) IOM’s world migration report shows global displacement rising despite COVID-19 mobility limits, 1 December. Available at: https://www.iom.int/news/ioms-world-migration-report-shows-global-displacement-rising-despite-covid-19-mobility-limits.

UNHCR (2021) UN Trends 2021. Available at: https://www.unhcr.org/statistics/unhcrstats/618ae4694/mid-year-trends-2021.html.

UNHCR (2021) UNHCR: Conflict, violence, climate change drove displacement higher in first half of 2021, 11 November. Available at: https://www.unhcr.org/618bec6e4.

UNFPA (2022) Ethiopia Humanitarian Response Situation Report - April 2022. 17 May. Available at: https://reliefweb.int/attachments/f3da130c-a86b-4954-9c8e-718a4f17acb9/unfpa_external_sitrep_32_-_april_2022.pdf.

IRC (2022) Crisis in Honduras: Ongoing violence and climate shocks, 26 January. Available at: https://www.rescue.org/article/crisis-honduras-ongoing-violence-and-climate-shocks.

See Note 130.

ILO (2021) Extending social protection to migrant workers, refugees and their families. Available at: https://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/—ed_protect/—protrav/—migrant/documents/publication/wcms_826684.pdf.

FAO (2021) Social protection and migration Synergies in action to improve resilience and reduce poverty in rural areas. Available at: https://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/cb7105en.pdf.

IOM (2021) COP26: Direct linkages between climate change, health and migration must be tackled urgently—IOM, WHO, Lancet Migration, 9 November. Available at: https://www.iom.int/news/cop26-direct-linkages-between-climate-change-health-and-migration-must-be-tackled-urgently-iom-who-lancet-migration.

IOM (2021) IOM and EIB Join Forces to Promote Safety Migrants and Resilience of Affected Communities, 10 November. Available at: https://www.iom.int/news/iom-and-eib-join-forces-promote-safety-migrants-and-resilience-affected-communities.

Relief web (2021) Climate Refugees are Increasingly Victims of Exploitation, 10 November. Available at: https://reliefweb.int/report/world/climate-refugees-are-increasingly-victims-exploitation.

See Note 140.

Climate Refugees (2022) To mitigate climate change, combat slavery and protect climate migrants & refugees, 22 January. Available at: https://www.climate-refugees.org/spotlight/01/27/22/climate-migration-slavery.

See Note 140.

UNODC (2021) International Migrants Day 2021, 18 December. Available at: https://www.unodc.org/unodc/en/human-trafficking/Webstories2021/international-migrants-day-18-december-2021.html.

UNODC (2021) UNODC and Canada launch new project to counter migrant smuggling, 2 November. Available at: https://www.unodc.org/unodc/en/human-trafficking/Webstories2021/new-project-to-counter-migrant-smuggling.html.

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See Note 159.

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See Note 159.

See Note 161.

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See Note 1.

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See Note 170.

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See Note 48.

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