Global influences and demographic changes are leading policy makers in less developed countries to look to more developed regions for policy and service ideas. Policy and services ideas may then be `borrowed' via processes such as policy transfer (Dolowitz and Marsh, 1996). This article explores the establishment of day care for people with dementia in Kerala, India. During the development of this service policy, information and practice ideas were transferred from different countries, particularly the UK. During the transfer of information and also within the following processes of implementation and enactment of policy, translation processes take place. In order to understand these translation processes, this article describes the development of day care in Kerala and compares its current functioning with that of similar day care centres in the UK. The concept of translation is found to illuminate and explain the process of service development in Kerala and could be used elsewhere to explain examples of policy and practice development.
10/66 Dementia Research Group (2000) ` Dementia in Developing Countries' , International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry15(1): 14—20 .
2.
Alvares, C. (1992) `Science', in W. Sachs (ed.) The Development Dictionary: A Guide to Knowledge as Power (pp. 219—32). London: Zed Books .
3.
Chandra, V. (1998) ` Dementia and the Care Giving Family' , Global Perspective, Alzheimer's Disease International8(2): 6—7 .
4.
Chandra, V. , Ganguli, M. , Ratcliff, G. , Pandav, R. , Shaarma, S. , Gilby, J. , Belle, S. , Ryan, C. , Baker, C. , Seaberg, E. , DeKosky, S. and Nath, L. (1998) ` Prevalence of Alzheimer's Disease and Other Dementias in Rural India: The Indo-US Study ', Neurology51(5): 1000—8 .
5.
Common, R.K. (1998) ` Convergence and Transfer: A Review of the Globalisation of New Public Management ', International Journal of Public Sector Management11(6): 440—50 .
6.
Crush, J. (1995) Power of Development. London : Routledge .
7.
Dolowitz, D. (2000) `Policy Transfer: A New Framework of Policy Analysis ', in D. Dolowitz (ed.) Policy Transfer and British Social Policy (pp. 9—38). Buckingham : Open University Press .
8.
Dolowitz, D. and Marsh, D. (1996) ` Who Learns What From Whom: A Review of the Policy Transfer Literature' , Political Studies44(2): 343—57 .
9.
Evans, M. and Davies, J. (1999) ` Understanding Policy Transfer: A Multi-Level, Multi-Disciplinary Perspective ', Public Administration77(2): 361—85 .
10.
France, P. (2000) `Translation Studies and Translating Criticism ', in P. France (ed.) The Oxford Guide to Literature in English Translation (pp. 3—9). Oxford: Oxford University Press .
11.
Freeman, R. (2003) `Similar Things in Different Places', unpublished ms.
12.
Giddens, A. (1990) The Consequences of Modernity. Cambridge: Polity Press .
13.
Green, A. (1999) ` Education and Globalization in Europe and East Asia: Convergent and Divergent Trends' , Journal of Education Policy14(1): 55—71 .
14.
Haas, P. (1992) ` Introduction: Epistemic Communities and International Policy Coordination' , International Organization46(1): 1—35 .
15.
HelpAge International (2002) State of the World's Older People 2002. London: HelpAge International .
16.
Hermans, T. (2000) `Norms of Translation', in P. France (ed.) The Oxford Guide to Literature in English Translation (pp. 10—14). Oxford: Oxford University Press .
17.
Heslop, A. (1999) `Ageing and Development, Social Development', Working Paper No. 3. London: HelpAge International .
18.
Hoogvelt, A.M. (2001) Globalization and the Post Colonial World: The New Political Economy of Development. Basingstoke: Palgrave .
19.
Johnson, B. and Hagstrom, B. (2005) ` The Translation Perspective as an Alternative to the Policy Diffusion Paradigm: The Case of Swedish Methadone Maintenance Treatment' , Journal of Social Policy34(3): 365—88 .
20.
Kiely, R. (1998) `Introduction: Globalisation, (Post-) Modernity and the Third World', in R. Kiely and P. Marfleet (eds) Globalization and the Third World (pp. 1—22). London: Routledge .
21.
Larkin, M. (1998) `Global Aspects of Health and Health Policy in Third World Countries', in R. Kiely and P. Marfleet (eds.) Globalization in the Third World (pp. 91—111). London: Routledge .
22.
Latour, B. (1986) `The Power of Associations', in L. Law (ed.) Power, Action and Belief (pp. 264—80). London: Routledge and Kegan Paul .
23.
Lobo, A. , Launer, L.J. , Fratiglioni, L. , Andersen, K. , Di Carlo, A. , Breteler, M. , Copeland, J. , Dartiques, J-F. , Jagger, C. , Martinez-Lage, J. , Soininen, H. and Hofman, A. (2000) `Prevalence of Dementia and Major Subtypes in Europe: A Collaborative Study of Population Based Cohorts ', Neurology54(11 Supp.): 4—9 .
24.
McCabe, L. (2003) `Policy Transfer and Policy Translation: Day Care for People with Dementia in Kerala, India', PhD Thesis, Department of Applied Social Science, University of Stirling .
25.
McCabe, L. (2006) ` The Cultural and Political Context of the Lives of People with Dementia in Kerala , India', Dementia5(1): 117—36 .
26.
Mishra, R. (1998) ` Beyond the Nation State: Social Policy in an Age of Globalisation' , Social Policy and Administration32(5): 481—500 .
27.
Mittelman, J.H. (2000) ` Globalization: Captors and Captive ', Third World Quarterly21(6): 917—29 .
28.
Newmark, P. (1988) A Textbook of Translation. London: Prentice Hall .
29.
Orenstein, M. (2003) `Mapping the Diffusion of Pension Innovation', in R. Holtzmann , M. Orenstein and M. Rutkowski (eds) Pension Reform in Europe: Process and Progress (pp. 171—93). Washington, DC: The World Bank .
30.
Oxford EnglishDictionary (1999) ConciseOxford English Dictionary. Oxford: Oxford University Press .
31.
Parayil, G. (2000) `Introduction: Is Kerala's Development Experience a “Model”?', in G. Parayil (ed.) Kerala the Development Experience: Reflections on Sustainability and Replicability (pp. 1—15). London: Zed Books .
32.
Prakash, B.A. (1999) `Economic Reforms and the Performance of Kerala's Economy', in B.A. Prakash (ed.) Kerala's Economic Development, Issues and Problems (pp. 27—46). New Delhi: Sage .
33.
Rose, R. (1991) ` What Is Lesson-Drawing?' , Journal of Public Policy11(1): 3—30 .
34.
Shaji, S. , Promodu, T.A. , Roy, K.J. and Verghese, A. (1996) ` An Epidemiological Study of Dementia in a Rural Community in Kerala , India', British Journal of Psychiatry168(6): 745—9 .
35.
Simon, S. (2000) `Gender in Translation', in P. France (ed.) The Oxford Guide to Literature in English Translation (pp. 26—33). Oxford: Oxford University Press .
36.
Stone, D. (2004) ` Transfer Agents and Global Networks in the “Transnationalization” of Policy ', Journal of European Public Policy11(3): 545—66 .
37.
Tester, S. (1989) Caring by Day: A Study of Care Services for Older People. London: Centre for Policy on Ageing .
38.
Toury, G. (1995) Descriptive Translation Studies and Beyond. Amsterdam and Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing Company .
39.
Tuhiwai Smith, L. (1999) Decolonizing Methodologies: Research and Indigenous Peoples. London: Zed Books .
40.
United Nations (2003) World Population Prospects: The 2002 Revision, accessed 20 March 2006, http://www.un.org/esa/population/publications/wpp2002/WPP2002-HIGHLIGHTSrev1.PDF
41.
Vidovich, L. (2004) ` Global-National-local Dynamics in Policy Processes: A Case of “Quality” Policy in Higher Education ', British Journal of Sociology of Education25(3): 341—54 .
42.
Walt, G. , Lush, L. and Ogden, J. (2004) ` International Organizations in Transfers of Infectious Diseases: Iterative Loops of Adoption, Adaptation, and Marketing ', Governance: An International Journal of Policy, Administration, and Institutions17(2): 189—210 .
43.
Wilding, P. (1997) ` Globalization, Regionalism and Social Policy' , Social Policy and Administration31(4): 410—28 .
44.
Wilson, G. (2000a) Understanding Old Age, Critical and Global Perspectives . London: Sage . Wilson, G. (2000b) ` Being Old in the Global Village ', Health Matters41.
45.
Wilson, G. (2001a) ` Globalisation and Support in Old Age ', Education and Ageing16(2): 121—34 .
46.
Wilson, G. (2001b) ` Power and Translation in Social Policy Research ', International Journal of Social Research Methodology4(4): 319—26 .
