This research note gives preliminary evidence on the role of constraint negotiation in mediating the relationship between internalised transnegativity and travel participation among transgender tourists in non-Western contexts. Drawing from a sample of 323 Filipino transgender tourists, findings of a partial least squares structural equation modelling (PLS-SEM) reveal how travel motivations and constraints amplify internalised transnegativity, further complicating the constraint negotiation process for transgender tourists. However, constraint negotiation enables transgender travellers to overcome these barriers. This study extends Constraint Negotiation Theory by highlighting the psychological dimensions of constraint negotiation, emphasising how overcoming internalised stigma facilitates greater travel participation and well-being for transgender individuals. The findings contribute to a more nuanced understanding of how marginalised groups navigate travel constraints, especially from non-Western contexts.
BocktingWOMinerMHSwinburne RomineRE, et al. (2020) The transgender identity survey: a measure of internalized transphobia. LGBT Health7(1): 15–27. https://doi.org/10.1089/lgbt.2018.0265
4.
BorresMOfreneoMA (2024) The dialogical self and transgender identity: how Filipino transgender men navigate tensions between I-positions. Journal of Constructivist Psychology37(4): 387–408. https://doi.org/10.1080/10720537.2023.2255909
5.
CohenJ (1988) Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences. 2nd ed.. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
6.
GamalindaTBOfreneoMAP (2024) “We’re all human, right?”: Social representations of LGBT+ in senate hearings on the SOGIE equality bill in the Philippines. Sexuality Research and Social Policy21(3): 1137–1150. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13178-024-00953-0
7.
HairJFRisherJJSarstedtM, et al. (2019) When to use and how to report the results of PLS-SEM. European Business Review31(1): 2–24. https://doi.org/10.1108/ebr-11-2018-0203
8.
HelsenVEnzlinPGijsL (2022) Mental health in transgender adults: The role of proximal minority stress, community connectedness, and gender nonconformity. Psychology of Sexual Orientation and Gender Diversity9(4): 466.
9.
HendricksMLTestaRJ (2012) A conceptual framework for clinical work with transgender and gender nonconforming clients: an adaptation of the minority stress model. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice43(5): 460–467. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0029597
10.
HenselerJRingleCMSarstedtM (2015) A new criterion for assessing discriminant validity in variance-based structural equation modeling. Journal of the academy of marketing science43(1): 115–135.
11.
InderbinenMSchaeferKSchneebergerA, et al. (2021) Relationship of internalized transnegativity and protective factors with depression, anxiety, non-suicidal self-injury and suicidal tendency in trans populations: a systematic review. Frontiers in Psychiatry12: 636513. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2021.636513
12.
JardasEJLaddBAMaheuxAJ, et al. (2023) Testing the minority stress model across gender identity, race, and ethnicity among US gender minority adolescents. Journal of Psychopathology and Clinical Science132(5): 542–552. https://doi.org/10.1037/abn0000834
13.
KarlMSieLRitchieBW (2022) Expanding travel constraint negotiation theory: an exploration of cognitive and behavioral constraint negotiation relationships. Journal of Travel Research61(4): 762–785. https://doi.org/10.1177/00472875211011547
14.
LaiIKWWongJWCHitchcockM (2024) A study of how LGBTQ tourists’ perceptions of residents’ feelings about them affect their revisit intentions: an emotional solidarity perspective. Journal of Sustainable Tourism32(1): 223–244. https://doi.org/10.1080/09669582.2022.2130339
15.
LucenaRVorobjovas-PintaOCaiW (2021) Introduction to gender and sexuality in tourism and hospitality. Tourism and Hospitality Research21(4): 426–432. https://doi.org/10.1177/14673584211052100
16.
MonacoSCisottoEFreire VarelaA, et al. (2024) Motivations, choices, and constraints of Italian transgender travelers: a study of tourism dynamics within the rainbow. Social Sciences13(9): 489. https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci13090489
17.
MonterrubioCMaderaSLRPérezJ (2020a) Trans tourists in tourism: motivations, constraints and experiences. Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Management43: 169–178.
18.
MonterrubioCOntiverosMMMMaderaSLR, et al. (2020b) Tourism constraints on transgender individuals in Mexico. Tourism and Hospitality Research21(4): 433–446, Available from. https://doi.org/10.1177/1467358420948564Accessed 11 April 2025.
19.
MonterrubioCMendoza-OntiverosMMRodríguez MaderaSL, et al. (2021) Tourism constraints on transgender individuals in Mexico. Tourism and Hospitality Research21(4): 433–446. https://doi.org/10.1177/1467358420948564
20.
MonterrubioCRodríguez MaderaSLPérezJ (2023) Transgender men in tourism: marginalisation, constraints and inclusion opportunities. Tourism Recreation Research48(6): 969–982. https://doi.org/10.1080/02508281.2022.2111629
21.
MuñozKEAChenLH (2020) Research on LGBTQ tourism: a systematic literature review and research agendaProceedings of the 2020 International Conference of Sport, Leisure and Hospitality Management, Virtual Conference.
22.
MuñozKEChenLHPham ThiPT (2025) Do residents support LGBTIQ+ tourism development? Insights from Ho chi minh, Vietnam. Tourism and Hospitality Research 14673584241298771.
NadalKLCorpusMJH (2013) “Tomboys” and “baklas”: experiences of lesbian and gay Filipino Americans. Asian American Journal of Psychology4(3): 166–175, Available from. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0030168Accessed 11 April 2025.
25.
NguyenDTALuongTB (2024) Examining the moderating role of travel motivation in the process of negotiating travel constraints to travel alone of Indonesian Muslim female travellers. Tourism and Hospitality Research 14673584241286101.
26.
OlsonEDReddy-BestK (2019) “Pre-topsurgery, the body scanning machine would most likely error:” transgender and gender nonconforming travel and tourism experiences. Tourism Management70: 250–261. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2018.08.024
27.
OngFVorobjovas-PintaOLewisC (2023) LGBTIQ+ identities in tourism and leisure research: a systematic qualitative literature reviewGender and Tourism Sustainability, pp. 21–44.
28.
OngFLewisCPrayagG (2025) This is what being queer looks like: the roles LGBTQ+ events play for queer people based on their social identity. Tourism Management106: 105012. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2024.105012
29.
PflumSRTestaRJBalsamKF, et al. (2015) Social support, trans community connectedness, and mental health symptoms among transgender and gender nonconforming adults. Psychology of Sexual Orientation and Gender Diversity2(3): 281–286. https://doi.org/10.1037/sgd0000122
30.
PrayagGLewisCPourS (2024) Travel in my life: queer identity, travel motivation, resilience, life-satisfaction and wellbeing. Current Issues in Tourism27(2): 323–340. https://doi.org/10.1080/13683500.2023.2189092
31.
PrestoAC (2025) Contradictions in gender inclusivity and discrimination: experiencing the paradoxical workplace in the Philippines. Sexuality, Gender & Policy8(3): e70014. https://doi.org/10.1002/sgp2.70014
32.
Reddy-BestKLOlsonE (2020) Trans traveling and embodied practices: panopticism, agency, dress, and gendered surveillance. Annals of Tourism Research85: 103028. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2020.103028
33.
ShakibaeiSVorobjovas-PintaO (2024) Access to urban leisure: investigating mobility justice for transgender and gender diverse people on public transport. Leisure Sciences46(5): 639–657. https://doi.org/10.1080/01490400.2021.2023372
34.
StaplesJMNeilsonECBryanAE, et al. (2018) The role of distal minority stress and internalized transnegativity in suicidal ideation and nonsuicidal self-injury among transgender adults. The Journal of Sex Research55(4-5): 591–603. https://doi.org/10.1080/00224499.2017.1393651
35.
UsaiRCaiWWasslerP (2022) A queer perspective on heteronormativity for LGBT travelers. Journal of Travel Research61(1): 3–15. https://doi.org/10.1177/0047287520967763
36.
Van BrakelWHAndersonAMMutatkarRK, et al. (2006) The participation scale: measuring a key concept in public health. Disability & Rehabilitation28(4): 193–203. https://doi.org/10.1080/09638280500192785
37.
VongvisitsinTBAlegreBRWongAKF, et al. (2025) Gender-affirming health tourism: transfeminine insights from a social identity perspective. Tourism Recreation Research: 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1080/02508281.2025.2477698
38.
Vorobjovas‐PintaOHardyA (2016) The evolution of gay travel research. International Journal of Tourism Research18(4): 409–416. https://doi.org/10.1002/jtr.2059
39.
WeedenCLesterJAJarvisN (2016) Lesbians and gay men’s vacation motivations, perceptions, and constraints: a study of cruise vacation choice. Journal of Homosexuality63(8): 1068–1085. https://doi.org/10.1080/00918369.2016.1150045
40.
WongAKFVongvisitsinTBAlegreBR (2025) Medical tourism for gender identity affirmation: Transgender perspectives. International Journal of Tourism Research27(2): e2805. https://doi.org/10.1002/jtr.2805
41.
YangECLLaiMYNimriR (2022) Do constraint negotiation and self‐construal affect solo travel intention? The case of Australia. International Journal of Tourism Research24(3): 347–361. https://doi.org/10.1002/jtr.2506
