■ Nationalism is the untenable union of the impersonal, mechanistic, bureaucratic logic of the state and the intimate, emotional, organic logic of the nation. While practicing martial arts, the participants at the Israeli Survival School of Ju Jutsu create a utopian Israeliness, using bits of state-national understandings to form a family-like organicity. At the North Indian school of wrestling described by Joseph Alter, too, an organic utopian nationalism is practiced into existence through meticulous care for the body itself. A comparison between those modes of embodying the national, set in very different cultural and national realities, reveals not only different understandings of the national and of its organic nature, but also different uses of semiotic mechanisms. Whereas the Israeli world of the Survival School is based on representation, the Indian one is constructed from the body and the environment, set in dense connectedness forming this world in and of itself.
Almog, Oz (2000) The Sabra: The Creation of the New Jew. Berkeley: University of California Press .
2.
Almog, Oz (2004) Farewell to `Srulik': Changing Values Among the Israeli Elite. Haifa and Or-Yehuda : Zmora Bitan and Haifa University. [in Hebrew]
3.
Alter, Joseph S. (1992) The Wrestler's Body - Identity and Ideology in North India. Los Angeles: University of California Press.
4.
Alter, Joseph S. (1993) `The Body of One Color: Indian Wrestling, the Indian State, and Utopian Somatics', Cultural Anthropology8(1): 49-72.
5.
Alter, Joseph S. (1994) `Celibacy, Sexuality, and the Transformation of Gender into Nationalism in North India', The Journal of Asian Studies53(1): 45-66.
6.
Alter, Joseph S. (1996) `Gandhi's Body, Gandhi's Truth: Nonviolence and the Biomoral Imperative of Public Health', The Journal of Asian Studies55(2): 301-22.
7.
Alter, Joseph S. (2000) `Subaltern Bodies and Nationalist Physiques: Gama the Great and Heroics of Indian Wrestling', Body & Society6(2): 42-72.
8.
Bar-On Cohen, Einat (2005) `Japanese Martial Arts in Israel - A Case of Traveling Culture', unpublished PhD thesis, Department of Social Anthropology, Hebrew University of Jerusalem. [in Hebrew]
9.
Bar-On Cohen, Einat (2006) `Kime in Japanese Martial Arts and the Moving Body' , Body & Society12(4): 73-93.
10.
Ben-Ari, Eyal (1997) Body Project in Japanese Childcare: Culture, Organization and Emotions in a Preschool. Richmond: Curzon.
11.
Ben-Ari, Eyal (2001) `Tests of Soldierhood, Trails of Manhood: Military Service and Male Ideals in Israel', in D. Maman, E. Ben-Ari and Z. Rosenhek (eds) Military, State and Society in Israel: Theoretical and Comparative Perspectives. New Brunswick: Transaction Publishers.
12.
Ben-Yehuda, Nachman (1995) The Masada Myth - Collective Memory and Mythmaking in Israel. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press.
13.
Bishop, Ryan and John Phillips (2006) `Violence', Theory, Culture & Society23(2-3): 377-85.
14.
Carruthers, Ashley (1998) `Kung Fu Fighting: The Cultural Pedagogy of the Body in the Voviam Overseas Vietnamese Martial Arts School', The Australian Journal of Anthropology9(1): 45-57.
15.
Cobley, Paul (2004) `Marketing the "Glocal" in Narratives of National Identity', Semiotica150(1/4): 197-225.
16.
Cohen, Anthony (1996) `Personal Nationalism: A Scottish View of Some Rites', American Ethnologist23(4): 802-15.
17.
Deleuze, Gilles and Felix Guettari (2005) A Thousand Plateaus: Capitalism and Schizophrenia . Minneapolis: University of Minneapolis Press.
18.
Donohue John J. (1990) `Training Halls of the Japanese Martial Tradition - a Symbolic Analysis of Budo Dojo in New York', Anthropos85: 55-63.
19.
Donohue John J. (2002) `Herding the Ox, Wielding the Sword', in David E. Jones (ed.) Combat, Ritual and Performance - Anthropology of the Martial Arts, pp. 223-34. Westport, CT : Praeger.
20.
Evens, Terence M.S. (1996) `Witchcraft and Selfcraft', Archives Européens de Sociologie37(1): 23-46.
21.
Foucault, Michel (1988) `Technologies of the Self', in Luther H. Martin, Huck Gutman and Patrick H. Hutton (eds) Technologies of the Self - A Seminar with Michel Foucault, pp. 16-49. Amherst : University of Massachusetts Press.
22.
Gilerman, Sander (1991) The Jew's Body. New York: Routledge.
23.
Girard, Rene (1977) Violence and the Sacred. Baltimore : Johns Hopkins University Press.
24.
Gluzman, Michael (1997) `Longing for Heterosexuality: Zionism and Sexuality in Herzl's Altneuland', Teoria Ve'Bikoret, 11: 145-61. [in Hebrew]
25.
Handelman, Don (1998) Models and Mirrors: Towards an Anthropology of Public Event. New York: Berghahn .
26.
Handelman, Don (2004a) Nationalism and the Israeli State: Logic in Public Event. Oxford: Berg.
27.
Handelman, Don (2004b) `Introduction: Why Ritual in its Own Right? How So?', Social Analysis48(2): 1-32.
28.
Handelman, Don and Elihu Katz (1998) `State Ceremonies in Israel - Remembrance Day and Independence Day', in Don Handelman, Models and Mirrors: Towards an Anthropology of Public Event, pp. 191-233. New York: Berghahn.
29.
Handelman, Don and Lea Shamgar-Handelman (1993) `Aesthetics versus Ideology in National Symbolism: The Creation of the Emblem of Israel', Public Culture5: 431-49.
30.
Harrison, Simon (1993) The Mask of War: Violence, Ritual and the Self in Melanesia. Manchester: Manchester University Press.
31.
Hurst, George C. (1998) Armed Martial Arts, Swordsmanship and Archery. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
32.
Jones, David E. (ed.) (2002) Combat, Ritual and Performance: Anthropology of the Martial Arts. Westport, CT: Praeger.
33.
Kapferer, Bruce (1988) Legends of People, Myths of States: Violence, Intolerance and Political Culture in Sri Lanka and Australia. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution Press.
34.
Kapferer, Bruce (1997) The Feast of the Sorcerer: Practices of Consciousness and Power. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
35.
Kapferer, Bruce (2004) `Ritual Dynamics and Virtual Practice: Beyond Representation and Meaning', Social Analysis48(2): 35-54.
36.
Katriel, Tamar (1991) Communal Webs: Communication and Culture in Contemporary Israel. New York: State University of New York Press.
37.
Latour, Bruno (2004) `How to Talk about the Body?', Body & Society10(2-3): 205-29.
38.
Marvin, Carolyn and David W. Ingle (1999) Blood Sacrifice and the Nation . Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
39.
Mosse, George (1985) Nationalism and Sexuality: Respectability and Abnormal Sexuality in Modern Europe. New York: Howard Fertrig.
40.
Noy, Chaim and Erik Cohen (2005) Israeli Backpackers and Their Society: A View from Afar. New York: SUNY.
41.
Ohnuki-Tierney Emiko (2002) Kamikaze, Cherry Blossoms and Nationalisms: The Militarization of Aesthetics in Japanese History. Chicago : University of Chicago Press.
42.
Paine, Robert (1994) `Masada: A History of a Memory', History and Anthropology6(4): 371-409.
43.
Reader, Ian (1991) Religion in Contemporary Japan. Worcester: Macmillan.
44.
Robertson, Roland (1995) `Glocalization: Time-Space and Homogeneity-Heterogeneity' , in Mike Featherstone, Scott Lash and Roland Robertson (eds) Global Modernities, pp. 25-44. London : Sage.
45.
Rohlen, Thomas P. (1999) `Building Character', in Thomas Rohlen and Gerald LeTendre (eds) Teaching and Learning in Japan, pp. 50-74. Cambridge : Cambridge University Press.
46.
Sasson-Levy, Orna (2002) `Construction Identities as the Margins: Masculinity and Citizenship in the Israeli Army', The Sociological Quarterly43(3): 357-83.
47.
Schutz, Alfred and Thomas Luckmann (1973) The Structure of the Life-World . London: Heinemann.
48.
Sheets-Johnstone, Maxine (1999) The Primacy of Movement. Amsterdam / Philadelphia: John Benjamin .
49.
Singleton, John (1990) `Gambaru: A Japanese Cultural Theory of Learning' , in James Shields (ed.) Japanese Schooling, Patterns of Socialization, Equality, and Political Control , pp. 8-15. University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press .
50.
Stevens, John (1997) Invincible Warrior - An Illustrated Biography of Morihei Ueshiba, Founder of Aikido. Boston: Shambhala.
51.
Stevens, John (2001) The Philosophy of Aikido. Tokyo : Kodansha International.
52.
Turner, Terence (1994) `Bodies and Anti-bodies: Flesh and Fetish in Contemporary Social Theory', in Thomas J. Csordas (ed.) Embodiment and Experience: The Existential Ground of Culture and Self, pp. 27-47. Melbourne: Cambridge University Press.
53.
Wacquant, Loïc (2001) `Whores, Slaves and Stallions: Language of Exploitation and Accommodation among Boxers', Body & Society7 (2-3): 181-94.
54.
Wacquant, Loïc (2004) Body and Soul. New York: Oxford University Press.
55.
Weiss, Meira (2003) `The "Chosen Body": A Semiotic Analysis of the Discourse of Israeli Militarism and Collective Identity', Semiotica145(1/4): 151-74.
56.
Wilson, Richard Ashby (2003) `Preface', Anthropological Theory 3 [Special Issue on Political Violence and Language]: 267-9.
57.
Yuasa, Yasuo (1987) The Body: Towards a Mind-Body Theory (ed. T.P. Kasulis, trans. Nagatomo Shigenori and T.P. Kasulis). Albany: State University of New York Press.
58.
Zarrilli, Phillip B. (2000) `Embodying the Lion's "Fury" - Ambivalent Animals, Activation and Representation', Performance Research5(2): 41-54.
